中国电子废物的地区间流动

电子废物跨境转移近年来开始引起国际经济地理学者关注,其中折射了全球生产网络中污染控制与市场化再生利用之间的治理矛盾和价值冲突。中国在规范电子废物管理的过程中,采纳了生产者责任延伸制度,逐渐形成生产者缴纳政府基金,基金补贴正规处理厂,正规处理厂再通过市场采购方式从非正式的回收渠道收集电子废物的分工格局。这一格局杂合了巴塞尔公约的属地化管理机制和地区贸易的市场化机制,反映了政府在规制复杂产品环境问题中所面临的两难。本文在多年参与式调查的基础上,根据环保部公布的2014年全国109家正规处理厂实际回收废弃家电产品的数量,采用威尔逊空间相互作用模型,估算了全国非正式回收渠道内的废旧家电产品地区间流动格局,并结合处理厂问卷调查对比了实际流向与理论模型的差异。研究结果显示：由于非正式回收渠道的竞争性所导致的废旧家电跨省流动占到全国正规渠道电子废物回收总量的1/3以上,这与电子废物处理设施省级属地化管理,主要满足本省产生的电子废物处理需求的规划初衷有较大出入。为此本文探讨了这种规划目标与市场流动之间发生错位的内在原因,指出当前电子废物管理重点应该从围绕处理设施的管理控制转向逆向物流系统的优化和商业模式创新。

Interregional flows of e-waste in China

Cross-boundary flows of e-waste have been addressed in economic geography literature, reflecting the deep conflicts of values between environmental protection and resources recovery at the global scale. Based on the principle of extended producer responsibility, a division of activity between the informal sector and formal recycling plants has formed in China with the state subsidy to the latter to buy waste products collected by the former. Using the Wilson spatial interaction model, this study depicted the interprovincial flows of e-waste in China in 2014, and compared the estimation with the results from a survey on formal recycling plants. Both results show that around 1/3 of the e-waste flowing to the formal recycling plants came from interprovincial transportation, despite the government intention to plan a regional self-sufficient system for e-waste recycling at the provincial level. We discussed the reasons for the mismatch between the planned and the real spatial patterns of e-waste flows. In conclusion, we identified several implications from the experience of China for the global e-waste management.