On the nature of vertical deformation and on the frequency of earth deformation in general

The secular phase of vertical crustal deformation is shown to be in opposite sense to the earthshift phase. Existing anomalies either can be attributed to late reversals in vertical displacement or are associated with mountains that have “roots”.So-called “seismic gaps” based on short instrumental records are shown to be based on a sample period which is too short to be of intrinsic value. Sample periods, one to two orders of magnitude larger than a periodicity of 500–1000 years, demonstrate the validity of the tectonic approach and the essentially uniform rate of the dominant component of tectonic deformation over the last 100,000 years.