A simulation of New Zealand's climate during the Last Glacial Maximum |
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| Institution: | 1. Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand;2. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand;3. Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Met Office, Exeter, UK;1. Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand;2. School of Geography Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand;3. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University P.O. Box 1000, Palisades, NY 10964, USA;4. GNS Science, P.O. Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand;1. Geography, School of Environment, Education and Development, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom;2. Cambridge Quaternary, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, United Kingdom;1. GNS Science, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand;2. Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;3. Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;4. School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand;5. Department of Earth Sciences & Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;6. Earth System Science Dept, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA;7. GNS Science, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;8. Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand;9. Soil and Physical Sciences Department, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand;10. Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;11. School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen''s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT7 1NN, UK;1. GNS Science, 764 Cumberland Street, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;2. Soil and Physical Sciences Department, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand;3. GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand;4. Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;5. School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand;1. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia;2. Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia;3. Institut für Geographie und Geologie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany;4. Department of Geosciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA;5. Primary Science Solutions LTD., Christchurch, New Zealand;6. Department of Geology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-4505, USA;1. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Geochemistry, Palisades, NY 10964, USA;2. Columbia University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, New York, NY 10027, USA;3. University of Maine, Department of Earth Sciences and Climate Change Institute, Orono, ME 04469, USA;4. Victoria University of Wellington, 6140 Wellington, New Zealand;5. SUNY Buffalo, Department of Geology, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;6. GNS Science, Dunedin, New Zealand;7. University of California, Berkeley, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Berkeley, CA 95064, USA;8. University of Bergen, Department of Earth Sciences, N-500 Bergen, Norway;9. Cardiff University, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom;10. University of Oslo, Department of Geology, 0316 Oslo, Norway;11. Institute for Geological Sciences and Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, Universität Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland |
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| Abstract: | New Zealand's climate during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) has been investigated using the United Kingdom Met Office global (HadAM3H) and regional model (HadRM3H). All models were set up according to the glacial conditions as specified by the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP), although SSTs and sea-ice were supplied from a set of prior coupled model (HadCM3) runs. The simulated climate of New Zealand during the LGM was mainly compared against a control simulation which was set up for pre-industrial conditions. New Zealand's simulated LGM climate was cooler than today, varying spatially between 2.5 and 4 °C. There was an increase in seasonality in temperature with the seasonal cooling being largest during winter. Excluding the Alpine/Fiordland region, the largest cooling geographically took place in the east of the South Island (ESI). Annual mean precipitation was reduced but there were significant regional and seasonal variations. The main band of precipitation along the West Coast shifted westwards, resulting in a reduction in precipitation over those regions in the Southern Alps that receive the largest amount of precipitation in today's climate. The westerly circulation increased considerably over the North Island and the northern part of the South Island, but did not change much over the rest of the South Island. The stronger westerly wind accentuated the cooling over the western and northern parts of the North Island and it probably reduced the occurrence of incursions of tropical lows over the north of the North Island. The westerly winds were weaker over New Zealand during winter, which appears to be related to enhanced blocking activity during that season. The number and the strength of the southerlies increased, and they were capable of bringing very cold polar air over most of the country. The east of the South Island was affected especially by these cold winds.The simulated cooling during the LGM is not sufficient to limit forest growth. It is proposed here, that together with the general drier and colder conditions, it was the increase in seasonality and extremes of climate that limited the growth of certain vegetation types. |
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