Palynology,sedimentology and palaeoecology of the late Holocene Dead Sea |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhei Israel Street, Jerusalem 95501, Israel;2. Institute of Earth Sciences, Givat Ram, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel;3. Institute for Paleontology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany;4. GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Section Climate Dynamics and Sediments, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany;1. Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Mount Carmel 31905, Israel;2. Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91905, Israel;3. Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91905, Israel;4. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3ER, United Kingdom;5. Department of Maritime Civilizations, University of Haifa, Haifa, Mount Carmel 31905, Israel;1. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Rt. 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA;2. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, 61 Rt. 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA;3. Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhe Israel Street, Jerusalem 95501, Israel;4. The Fredy & Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel;1. Department of Marine Geosciences, Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel;2. Department of Transportation and Geo-Information Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel;3. Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malchei Yisrael St., Jerusalem 95501, Israel;4. Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel;5. Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;1. Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Ancient Environments, Institute of Archaeology, The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;2. Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhe Israel St., 9550161 Jerusalem, Israel;3. Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy, and Paleontology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany;4. Laboratory of Palynology, Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, 3498838 Haifa, Israel;1. School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, PL4 8AA, UK;2. Institute of Archaeology, University College London, UK;3. Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, UK;1. Geological Survey of Israel, Yisha''ayahu Leibowitz St. 32 St, Jerusalem, Israel;2. Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel |
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| Abstract: | Palynological and sedimentological studies were performed at two Holocene profiles in erosion gullies (Ze’elim and Ein Feshkha) which dissect the retreating western shore of the Dead Sea. The aim of the project was to analyse possible links between climate, lithology, and vegetation development. The section in Ze’elim shows both lacustrine and fluvial sediments, whereas sedimentation at Ein Feshkha is predominantly lacustrine. The Ze’elim profile, previously used for paleo-lake reconstruction provides an opportunity to compare climate triggered lake levels as paleo-hydrological indicators and vegetation history by use of palynology. The vegetation development in Ze’elim and Ein Feshkha is influenced by both climate and human impact. The pollen record of Ze’elim begins in the Pottery Neolithic, the section of Ein Feshkha in the Late Bronze Age, both records end in the Middle Ages. The Ze’elim section is characterized by sedimentary hiati between the beginning of the Chalcolithic Period until the Middle Bronze Age and within the Late Bronze Age. Settlement periods during the Middle Bronze Age, Iron Age and Hellenistic–Roman–Byzantine Period are indicated by high values of anthropogenic indicators and/or Mediterranean trees. Collapses of agriculture, which can be related to climate effects, are evident during the Late Bronze Age, during the Iron Age and at the end of the Byzantine Period when the lake level curve indicates arid conditions. A comparison of the two pollen records, from different environments, illustrates a more prominent influence of Mediterranean vegetation and cultivated plants in the pollen diagram of Ein Feshkha. The southern Dead Sea region (at the desert fringe) is more vulnerable to regional climate change. |
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