Seismically induced racking of tunnel linings

An analytical procedure is presented for evaluating the racking deformation of rectangular and circular tunnel linings caused by soil–structure interaction during a seismic event. The procedure, as applied to rectangular linings, is supplementary to that previously published by Penzien and Wu (Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 1998; 27 :283–300) for circular linings. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.