遍在景观的特点、类型及成景方式——基于中国“八景”景观

旅游业是中国经济高质量发展的重要行业,旅游资源是旅游业发展的基础,深入挖掘“文化”主题的旅游资源是重要课题。本文基于人地关系地域系统、尺度与尺度转化等地理学理论,使用19478个“八景”景观数据资料,运用归类分析等多种研究方法,从旅游景观组成结构与旅游资源的空间分布特性视角,提出了“遍在景观”概念,并探究了旅游景观结构的新模式。主要结论如下：① “遍在景观”概念体系。本研究界定了“遍在景素”内涵与属性,构建了“景素-遍在景素-遍在景观”概念体系与“景观指数、最丰指数假设”的分析指标,从而在理论体系上有所创新。② 遍在景观形成机制与途径。要素之间的相互作用是遍在景观形成的动力来源,要素的区域性是遍在景观价值形成的缘由,要素的整体性是遍在景观形成的基础,尺度转化是遍在景观演变的条件。遍在景观以“借景、择时、选位”三种主要途径组景。③ 遍在景观结构模型与特点。本研究构建并论证了遍在景观“二要素、三要素、四要素”结构模型,推导出了对应的景观指数增量模型,归纳了遍在景观具有近零费用、稀缺性、时间性和人为创造性4个特点。④ 遍在景观组成比例和开发程度。“八景”景观随机抽样和山西省案例研究表明,中国“八景”景观大部分包含遍在景素,自然遍在景素与自然局地景观组成比例最高,为56.28%。遍在景观结构以三要素为主,其中,以择时为主,选位次之。目前国内遍在景观开发利用程度很低,景观指数低于理论值。本研究结论为拓展旅游资源范围提供了一种新视角,为旅游业高质量发展提供了一种新思路,实践意义也很重大。

The characteristics,types and ways of ubiquitous landscapes: A case study of China's “Eight landscapes”

Tourism is an important industry for the high-quality development of China's economy, and the tourism resources are the foundation of the development of tourism. How to make best use of tourism resources is an essential research topic. Based on the geographic theories of human-land relationship regional system, and scaling transformation, 19478 “eight landscapes” (or “eight scenes”) data are selected to study the structure of tourism landscape and its spatial characteristics. The method of classification analysis is adopted, and the new concept of “ubiquitous landscape” is proposed. The new structural model of the tourism landscape resources is also explored. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The conceptual system of “ubiquitous landscape”. This research defines the connotation and attribution of“ubiquitous scenery element” and the conceptual system of“scenery element-ubiquitous scenery element-ubiquitous landscape”. The indices, such as landscape index, and the most abundant landscape hypothesis, are also developed. (2) The formation mechanism of ubiquitous landscape. The interaction of elements is the power source of ubiquitous landscape; the regionalism of elements is the cause for the formation of ubiquitous landscape; the comprehensiveness of the elements is the foundation of ubiquitous landscape; the transformation of scaling is the requirement of ubiquitous landscape's evolution. There are three main approaches to create sceneries in ubiquitous landscape: borrowing scenery, choosing time, and choosing location. (3) The structural model and characteristics of ubiquitous landscape. This study constructs and demonstrates the structure model of “two elements, three elements, and four elements” of the ubiquitous landscape, and conducts the landscape index incremental model. The four characteristics of ubiquitous landscape are also summarized, which are nearly zero cost, scarcity, timeliness and artificial creativity. (4) Composition proportion and degree of development of ubiquitous landscape. By random sampling of “eight landscapes” and the analysis of cases in Shanxi Province, most of “eight landscapes” include ubiquitous scenery element, and the ubiquitous natural scenes element and local natural landscape account for the highest proportion of 56.58%. The structure of ubiquitous landscape is mainly composed of three elements. Among these three elements, choosing time is more crucial than choosing location. Currently, the development of ubiquitous landscape is relatively backward in China. The landscape index is lower than the theoretical value. These conclusions provide a new perspective to explore the tourism resources, and a new idea for the high-quality development of tourism in practice.