国内外大城市体检与规划实施评估的比较研究

伦敦、纽约、东京等国外大城市建立了较为完备的规划实施评估体系，能够为完善中国城市体检评估制度提供参考。城市体检与规划实施评估是对城市发展中阶段性问题的响应，也是政策制定和制度安排的产物。城市体检评估已成为中国城市规划实施效果评价的新模式以及进行规划动态维护的重要依据。受社会体制、历史文化等因素影响，国内外大城市形成了差异化的“实施前协商-数据采集-分析论证-问题诊断-实施后反馈”评估框架。从评估指标体系来看，中国城市体检评估指标以宏观经济社会指标为主，伦敦等国外大城市还会对新建项目、新增设施情况进行动态监测。从评估方法来看，大数据与智能化数字平台的发展有力增强了评估的精准度和科学性，国外大城市在社区微观层面评估和多元主体参与协作方面进行了较多探索。基于此，提出以下优化中国城市体检评估体系的对策建议，包括动态优化指标体系、挖掘利用多源城市数据、加强多层级评估的协调、完善常态化保障机制。

Comparative Study on Urban Physical Examination and Planning Implementation Evaluation of Big Cities at Home and Abroad

Big cities abroad such as London, New York and Tokyo have also established relatively complete system of planning implementation evaluation, which can provide reference for improving urban physical examination and evaluation in China. With the advancement of urbanization, "big city disease" has become a common challenge for all big cities. Urban physical examination and planning implementation evaluation are the response to periodic problems in urban development and also the product of policy formulation and institutional arrangement. Large cities in developed countries, such as New York and London, have deeper development needs due to their high level of social development, and pay more attention to new issues such as economic vitality, social equity and inclusiveness, transportation resilience, and community construction. At present, urban physical examination and evaluation is a new model of urban planning evaluation in China. It’s also an important basis for dynamic maintenance of planning. Influenced by social system, historical culture and other factors, big cities at home and abroad have formed different evaluation frameworks. From pre-implementation consultation, data collection, analysis and demonstration, problem diagnosis to post-implementation feedback, there are great differences among big cities at home and abroad. From the perspective of the evaluation index system, China’s indexes of urban physical examination and evaluation are mainly macroeconomic and social indicators. However, big cities abroad such as London also carry out dynamic monitoring of new projects and new facilities. From the perspective of evaluation methods, the development of big data and intelligent digital platforms has greatly enhanced the accuracy and scientificity of evaluation. Furthermore, big cities abroad have made more explorations in micro-level evaluation and multi-subject participation. Based on this, this paper puts forward the following suggestions to optimize urban physical examination and evaluation in China, including dynamically optimizing the index system of urban physical examination and evaluation, in-depth mining and utilization of multi-source urban monitoring data, strengthening the connection and coordination of multi-level evaluation, and improving the regular guarantee mechanism for urban physical examination and evaluation.