Marcel Bertrand et ?l'orogenèse programmée“ |
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Authors: | Professeur Francois Ellenberger |
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Institution: | (1) Present address: Laboratoire de Géologie structurale, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France |
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Abstract: | Résumé Marcel Bertrand (1847–1907) est surtout connu pour avoir été le promoteur de la tectonique des grandes nappes alpines. Le présent article entend attirer l'attention sur un aspect moins souvent abordé de son oeuvre. En passant en revue et comparant, de façon à la fois méthodique et empirique, les données alors disponibles, il découvre une homologie frappante entre les suites d'évènements qui ont abouti à la formation des grandes chaînes de montagnes successives de l'Europe. Chacune a ses gneiss, son «Flysch fin» précoce, son «Flysch grossier» tardif externe et enfin ses grès rouges (molasses); de même, pour l'histoire magmatique et même métallogénique (roches vertes précoces, puis granite, «porphyres» et enfin laves basiques post-tectoniques). Il est donc clair que Marcel Bertrand a été le véritable initiateur (se gardant de tout dogmatisme), du modèle «programmé» de l'orogenèse, en général attribué à Hans Stille et ses é mules. D'un point de vue historique, on peut voir dans sa conception de l'orogenèse une synthèse réconciliant plusieurs théories jusque là antagonistes: l'étagement des grandes formations universelles de Werner devient le produit régionalement hétérochrone des cycles de transformation de Hutton; et les soulèvements successifs catastrophiques d'Elie de Beaumont sont retraduits en termes lyelliens, processus lents et graduels, néanmoins récurrents et ordonnés.
Marcel Bertrand (1847–1907) is best known for his trail-blazing recognition of the great nappes. The present paper draws attention to a lesser known side of his work: through a methodical, empirical review of the available data, Marcel Bertrand brought to light a striking similarity in the sequence of events which led to the formation of each of the successive mountain chains of Europe. Each has its own gneisses, early fine Flysch, later coarse external Flysch, and late red sandstone; and also the same magmatic (and even metallogenic) suite (early greenstones, then granite, porphyries , and finally post-tectonic basic lavas). Thus it appears that Marcel Bertrand was the real originator (avoiding any dogmatization) of the programmed model of orogeny commonly ascribed to Hans Stille and his followers. From a historical point of view, one may see in this conception of mountain building a conciliatory synthesis between some major antagonistic theories: the Wernerian universal formations become heterochronous products of the Huttonian cycle; and the catastrophic successive orogenies of Elie de Beaumont actually amount to slow, gradual, Lyellian processes, nonetheless orderly and recurrent.
Zusammenfassung Marcel Bertrand ist besonders als der Entdecker der großen Alpinen Überschiebungen bekannt. Hier wird eine weniger bekannte Seite seines Werkes erwähnt: er hat klargemacht, daß die verschiedenen europäischen Gebirgsketten eine parallele und strukturierte Geschichte haben (sedimentär, magamatisch, metallogenisch). Eine objektive Zusammenstellung der tatsächlichen Kenntnisse zeigt, daß jedes Orogen seine Gneise, seinen feinen Flysch in dem zentralen Trog, seinen groben Flysch am Rand und sein Rotliegendes als Späterscheinung hat. In jedem Fall erkennt man die Anwesenheit von basischen Gesteinen als Früherscheinungen, von Graniten, dann von Porphyren und am Ende von posttektonischen, basischen Gesteinen. Hier kann man das von H. Stille und seinen Nachfolgern entwickelte Schema erkennen, das aber hier bei M. Bertrand rein empirisch bleibt. Vom historischen Standpunkt her ist es möglich, das Werk von M. Bertrand als die Synthese, die Zusammenfassung verschiedener, bis dahin antagonistisch gestellter Strömungen zu betrachten: der Wernersche, stufenartige, theoretische Bau wird zur heterochronen Folge des Huttonschen Zyklus; die nacheinander sich entwikkelnden katastrophalen Orogenesen von Elie de Beaumont werden, wie bei Lyell, langsam aber dennoch strukturiert und wiederkehrend.
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![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ycy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1099.gif) ![fcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1092.gif) ![lcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1087.gif) ![kcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yacy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1103.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1075.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1073.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1099.gif) ![kcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1099.gif) ![lcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zhcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) , ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![shcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1096.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1084.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1079.gif) ![dcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) . ![Vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1042.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1091.gif) ![chcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1095.gif) ![yacy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1103.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![mcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![chcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1102.gif) ![pcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ucy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1091.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![bcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1073.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1079.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1076.gif) , ![gcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) , ![zcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) , ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![kcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) , ![pcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1095.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![bcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1073.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1079.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) . ![Zcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1047.gif) ![dcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1076.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![khcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1093.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1084.gif) , ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1079.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![SHcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1064.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1083.gif) ![lcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1075.gif) ![pcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yacy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1103.gif) ![mcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1084.gif) , ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![mcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) M. Bertrand'OM, ![kcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![chcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1101.gif) ![mcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1087.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) . ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![chcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1095.gif) ![kcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1082.gif) ![zcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1079.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1091.gif) Bertrand'a ![mcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zhcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![mcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) , ![kcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) -![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1076.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1099.gif) , ![dcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1075.gif) ![dcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zhcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1078.gif) ![yacy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1103.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![pcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zhcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1079.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) : ![Vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1042.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) , ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1091.gif) ![pcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![chcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ucy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1091.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1075.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1075.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1099.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1082.gif) ![lcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![Gcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1043.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![pcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1102.gif) ![shchcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![jcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1081.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1075.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) Elie de Beaumont — ![yacy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1103.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![mcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) ![pcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![yacy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1103.gif) ![yucy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1102.gif) ![shchcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1084.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tscy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1082.gif) ![lcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1084.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![vcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/l6117775g7168835/xxlarge1085.gif) .
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