An evaluation of the toxicity and bioaccumulation of thallium in the coastal marine environment using the macroalga,Ulva lactuca |
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| Institution: | 1. Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China;2. The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;3. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China;4. Institute of Energy Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK;1. Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China;2. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China;3. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China;1. Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Waste Management, Forschungstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, CH-5232, Switzerland;2. Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Source, microXAS beamline, Forschungstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, CH-5232, Switzerland;3. Eawag, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Ueberlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland;4. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, KIT Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, D-76344, Germany;1. Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;2. Research Institute of Environmental Studies at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;3. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of radionuclides pollution control and resources, Guangzhou 510006, China;4. Linköping University – Guangzhou University, Research Center on Urban Sustainable Development, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, China |
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| Abstract: | Thallium(I) has been added to cultures of the marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca, for a period of 48 h and the accumulation of the metal and its effects on the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PS II) measured. Thallium elicited a measurable toxic response above concentrations of 10 μg L?1 in both coastal seawater (salinity 33) and estuarine water (salinity 20). The accumulation of Tl was defined by a linear relationship with aqueous Tl and accumulation factors of about 900 mL g?1 in both media. Thallium accumulated by U. lactuca that was resistant to an EDTA extraction and, by operational definition, internalised, exceeded 90% in both cases. Accumulation and toxicity of Tl in the presence of a ～105-fold excess of its biogeochemical analogue, potassium, suggests that Tl has a high intrinsic phytotoxicity and that its mode of action involves permeation of the cell membrane as Tl+ through NaCl–KCl co-transporter sites rather than (or in addition to) transport through K+ ion channels. |
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