Unravelling the formation histories of placer gold and platinum-group mineral particles from Corrego Bom Successo,Brazil: A window into noble metal cycling |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia;2. CSIRO Land and Water, PMB2, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia;3. Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany;4. School of Earth, Atmosphere and the Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia;5. Centre of Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia;1. The University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia;2. CSIRO Land and Water, Environmental Contaminant Mitigation and Technologies, PMB2, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia;3. Gold Welten, 34549 Edertal-Mehlen, Germany;4. Deutsches Goldmuseum, 96528 Theuern/Thüringen, Germany;5. CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tas 7000, Australia;1. School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;2. Key Laboratory of Western China’s Mineral Resource and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;4. Guangdong University Key Laboratory of Offshore Oil Exploration and Development/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;5. Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China;6. Tibet Autonomous Region Geological and Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau, Lhasa 850000, China;1. Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, bulv. Piipa 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii, 683006, Russia;2. A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute, Srednii pr. 74, St. Petersburg, 199106, Russia;1. Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China;2. School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Gold and platinum-group-metals (PGM) are cycled through Earth’s environments by interwoven geological, physical, chemical and biological processes leading to the trans/neoformation of metallic particles in placers. The placer deposit at Corrego Bom Successo (CBS, Brazil) is one of the few localities worldwide containing secondary gold- and PGM-particles. Placer gold consists of detrital particles from nearby hydrothermal deposits that were transformed in the surface environment. Processes that have affected these particles include short-distance transport, chemical de-alloying of the primary gold?silver, and (bio)geochemical dissolution/re-precipitation of gold leading to the formation of pure, secondary gold and the dispersion of gold nanoparticles. The latter processes are likely mediated by non-living organic matter (OM) and bacterial biofilms residing on the particles. The biofilms are largely composed of metallophillic β- and γ-Proteobacteria. Abundant mobile gold and platinum nanoparticles were detected in surface waters, suggesting similar mobilities of these metals. Earlier hydrothermal processes have led to the formation of coarsely-crystalline, arborescent dendritic potarite (PdHg). On potarite surfaces, biogeochemical processes have then led to the formation of platinum- and palladium-rich micro-crystalline layers, which make up the botryoidal platinum?palladium aggregates. Subsequently potarite was dissolved from the core of many aggregates leaving voids now often filled by secondary anatase (TiO2) containing biophilic elements. The presence of fungal structures associated with the anatase suggests that fungi may have contributed to its formation. For the first time a primary magmatic PGM-particle comprising a mono-crystalline platinum?palladium-alloy with platinum?iridium?osmium inclusions was described from this locality, finally defining a possible primary source for the PGM mineralisation. In conclusion, the formation of modern-day placer gold- and PGM-particles at CBS began 100s of millions of years ago by magmatic and hydrothermal processes. These provided the metal sources for more recent biogeochemical cycling of PGEs and gold that led to the trans/neoformation of gold- and PGM-particles. |
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