Extraction of ocean wave parameters from HF backscatter received bya four-element array: analysis and application

An algorithm that would extend the capabilities of a four-element square array known as the Coastal Oceans Dynamics Applications Radar (CODAR) to include the yielding of directional wave-height spectra from backscattered radiation is addressed. General expressions for the first- and second-order broadbeam radar cross-sections of the ocean surface are applied to the array. A Fourier-basis-function approach allows the broadbeam cross-sections to be written as a system of integral equations. The second-order radar return involves a double integral whose integrand contains nonlinear combinations of the unknowns, namely, the Fourier coefficients of the ocean wave directional spectrum. The first-order portion of the radar spectrum is used to linearize this integral. The matrix system then formulated is solved using a singular value decomposition (SVD) approach, and the resulting ocean spectral coefficients are used to give the directional spectrum. Test results for the algorithm are reported and discussed