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Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses
Institution:1. Centre for Transdisciplinary Environmental Research (CTM), Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;2. The Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden;1. School of Human Evolution and Social Change & School of Computing and Informatics, Arizona State University, Box 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402, USA;2. Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis & Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, and Environmental Change, Indiana University, 513 North Park Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47408-3895 USA
Abstract:The resilience perspective is increasingly used as an approach for understanding the dynamics of social–ecological systems. This article presents the origin of the resilience perspective and provides an overview of its development to date. With roots in one branch of ecology and the discovery of multiple basins of attraction in ecosystems in the 1960–1970s, it inspired social and environmental scientists to challenge the dominant stable equilibrium view. The resilience approach emphasizes non-linear dynamics, thresholds, uncertainty and surprise, how periods of gradual change interplay with periods of rapid change and how such dynamics interact across temporal and spatial scales. The history was dominated by empirical observations of ecosystem dynamics interpreted in mathematical models, developing into the adaptive management approach for responding to ecosystem change. Serious attempts to integrate the social dimension is currently taking place in resilience work reflected in the large numbers of sciences involved in explorative studies and new discoveries of linked social–ecological systems. Recent advances include understanding of social processes like, social learning and social memory, mental models and knowledge–system integration, visioning and scenario building, leadership, agents and actor groups, social networks, institutional and organizational inertia and change, adaptive capacity, transformability and systems of adaptive governance that allow for management of essential ecosystem services.
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