The seasonal succession of zooplankton in the Southern Ocean south of Australia,part I: The seasonal ice zone |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Earth and Ocean Science, University of British Columbia, 6339 Stores Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 124;2. Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia;3. Institute of Antarctic and Southern Ocean Studies, GPO Box 252-77, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;1. Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 8124 Highway 56, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA;2. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;3. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;1. Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research (CSAR), Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK;2. Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS), The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK;3. Department of Engineering Mathematics and Internetworking, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3J 1Y9, Canada;4. National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Jaegersborg Alle 1, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark;5. Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, Apdo. 130, 15080 A Coruña, Spain;6. Akvaplan-niva AS, Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway;7. Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;8. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, UK;9. University of Hamburg, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, Grosse Elbstrasse 133, 22767 Hamburg, Germany;10. Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark;11. Marine Research Institute, Skulagata 4, P.O. Box 1390, 121 Reykjavik, Iceland;1. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;2. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Ecology, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany;3. King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Department of Marine Biology, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;4. Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity, Museum für Naturkunde, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany;5. Suez Canal University, Faculty of Science, Department of Marine Science, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;6. Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Research and Technology Centre Westcoast, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3, 24118 Kiel, Germany;1. Polar Biological Oceanography, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;2. University of Hamburg, Centre for Natural History (CeNak), Zoological Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany;3. Wageningen Marine Research, Ankerpark 27, 1781 AG Den Helder, The Netherlands;4. Ecological Chemistry, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;5. UMR Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (CNRS-Université de La Rochelle), Institut du Littoral et de l’Environnement, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France;1. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia;2. CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;3. Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems CRC, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 80, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Between November 2001 and March 2002 an Australian/Japanese collaborative study completed six passes of a transect line in the Seasonal-Ice Zone (south of 62°S) along 140°E. Zooplankton samples were collected with a NORPAC net on 22–28 November, and a Continuous Plankton Recorder on 10–15 January, 11–12 February, 19–22 February, 25–26 February, and 10–11 March. Zooplankton densities were lowest on 22–28 November (ave=61 individuals (ind) m?3), when almost the entire transect was covered by sea ice. By 10–15 January sea surface temperature had increased by ～2 °C across the transect line, and the study area was ice-free. Total zooplankton abundance had increased to maximum levels for the season (ave=1301 ind m?3; max=1979 ind m?3), dominated by a “Peak Community” comprising Oithona similis, Ctenocalanus citer, Clausocalanus laticeps, foraminiferans, Limacina spp., appendicularians, Rhincalanus gigas and large calanoid copepodites (C1–3). Total densities declined on each subsequent transect, returning to an average of 169 ind m?3 on 10–11 March. The seasonal density decline was due to the decline in densities of “Peak Community” taxa, but coincided with the rise of Euphausia superba larvae into the surface waters, increased densities of Salpa thompsoni, and an increased contribution of C4 to adult stages to the populations of Calanoides acutus, Calanus propinquus and Calanus simillimus. The seasonal community succession appeared to be influenced by the low sea ice extent and southward projection of the ACC in this region. The relatively warm ACC waters, together with low krill biomass, favoured high densities of small grazers during the January/February bloom conditions. The persistence of relatively warm surface waters in March and the seasonal decrease in chlorophyll a biomass provided favorable conditions for salps, which were able to penetrate south of the Southern Boundary. |
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