Aggregation of the Arctic copepod Calanus hyperboreus over the ocean floor of the Greenland Sea |
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| Institution: | 1. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Kolumbusstr. 1, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany;2. Institute for Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Uljanov Str. 46, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia;3. Marine Zoology, University of Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany;1. Laboratory of Marine Biology, Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan;2. Shiretoko Foundation, 531 Iwaubetsu, Onnebetsu, Shari, Hokkaido, 099-4356, Japan;1. IMR, Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway;2. UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway;1. Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK;2. Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France;3. Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C. F. Moellers Alle 3, Building 1131, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark;1. University of Wyoming, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 1000 E. University Ave. , Laramie, WY, 82071, USA;2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, 350 CB, Provo, UT 84602, USA;3. University of Wyoming, Department of Chemistry, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY, 82071, USA;4. Department of Astronomy, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, 01075, USA;5. University of Wyoming, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA;6. US-China Energy Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA;7. Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA;1. Helmholtz Young Investigator Group SEAPUMP, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;2. Marum and University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany;3. National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK;1. Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan;2. Arctic Research Centre, Hokkaido University, Kita-21 Nishi-11 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan;3. Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19 Nishi-8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0819, Japan;4. Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd., Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA |
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| Abstract: | According to combined observations from vertical plankton tows, dredging with epibenthic nets 1 m above the ocean floor, video recordings and acoustic data from a scanning sonar obtained during descent and during deployment on the ocean floor, the calanoid copepod Calanus hyperboreus was aggregated in high concentrations near the ocean floor of the Greenland Sea between 2300 and 2500 m during late July and August. Concentrations were highest very close to the ocean floor and decreased rapidly further upward. These nearly mono-specific aggregations were apparently drifting in cloud-like formations with a horizontal extension of ca. 270 m with the near-bottom currents. Maximum abundances observed were up to 2 orders of magnitude higher than in the water column. The biomass in the bottom 20 m layer was around 18% of the biomass in the rest of the water column. Stage composition, reduced metabolic rates and insensibility to mechanical stimuli indicate that these C. hyperboreus were representing the resting population. The fact that high concentrations were observed during deployments lasting >1 d and in 3 years suggests that aggregation near the ocean floor is a regular, rather than an extraordinary, pattern in the life history of C. hyperboreus in the Greenland Sea, but there is need for comparison with other seas and eventually other Calanus species. |
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