Modeling and interpreting the seismic-reflection expression of sandstone in an ancient mass-transport deposit dominated deep-water slope environment

Subsurface mass-transport deposits (MTDs) commonly have a chaotic seismic-reflection response. Synthetic seismic-reflection profiles, created from a precise lithological model, are used to interpret reflection character and depositional geometries at multiple frequencies. The lithological model was created from an outcrop of deep-water lithofacies where sandstone deposition was influenced by mass-transport deposit topography. The influence of MTD topography on sandstone distribution should be considered in reservoir characterization and modeling when MTDs underlie the reservoir, especially if the reservoir is thin relative to the scale of the topography. MTD topography up to several tens of meters in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions (relative to local elevation) compartmentalizes significant quantities of sandstone and is not resolved at lower seismic-reflection frequencies. The resolvability of thick (up to 70 m) sandstone packages is hindered when they are encased in MTDs of at least equivalent thickness. Lateral and vertical changes in seismic-reflection character (e.g., amplitude, polarity, geometry) of sandstone packages in the synthetic profiles are due to lithology changes, tuning effects, resolution limits, and depositional geometries, which are corroborated by the lithological model. Similar reflection-character changes are observed in an actual seismic-reflection profile, of comparable scale to the synthetic profiles, from the Gulf of Mexico, which demonstrates similar lithofacies distributions. Synthetic profiles, when constrained by a precise lithological model, are particularly useful analogues for interpretation of lithofacies relationships, and depositional geometries, in complicated depositional environments, such as deep-water slope deposits.