清代河西走廊的水利制度和技术

清代河西走廊年降水量平均约200 mm，靠天然降水不能满足农业生产，农业灌溉主要依靠石羊河、黑河和疏勒河三大内陆河。为了高效利用水资源，实行了一些较为合理的水利制度，如四级负责制、农闲时的修渠制、浇地时的红牌制、计粮均水制、计亩均水制、计工均水制、奖罚严明制和流域统一管理制，并总结出了一些先进的水利技术。如引水时凿洞通水，飞槽渡水，偃水上流；行水时衬砌防渗，植树固沙；灌溉时串灌、漫灌、块灌、畦灌、沟灌综合运用，灌溉不足时相地移坵；验苗察土晴晒泡水法；保护水源涵养森林等。总结历史的经验和教训，今天河西走廊应实行全流域管理制，在不适宜水利开发的地区，坚决实行退耕还林或退耕还草，争取建立一个“资源节约型，环境友好型”的河西社会。

Water conservancy system and technologies in Hexi Corridor during Qing Dynasty

In the Hexi corridor，Gansu Province，China，the average annual precipitation was about 200 mm during Qing Dynasty，which could not meet to the agricultural production. In the Hexi area，irrigation depends on the three inland rivers，namely the Shiyang River，the Heihe River and the Shule River. In order to use water resources efficiently，some reasonable irrigation system was built in the Qing Dynasty，such as four level responsibility systems，canal fixing at slack season and Hongpai （Red Card） management system. The water resource conservation and management was depended on the farming quantity，the amount of food and penal servitude to government. During the Qing Dynasity，some advanced technologies were introduced for farm irrigation，such as borehole drainage systems，aqueduct and siphon for water crossing，lining techniques for channel anti-seepage and planting trees for sand fixation. In addition，various irrigation methods were also used，for example，the steep and insolation of reclaim land which with heavy alkali，and the protection of forest for water conservation. To summing up the historical experience and lessons，the scientific and unified management system are necessary for the establishment of a resource conserving and environment friendly society. In the Hexi Corridor，the returning farmland to forests or cultivated land to grassland should be develop in areas that are not suitable for water conservancy development.