发达国家禁用（限用）含磷洗衣粉的措施

在查阅国内外有关文献资料的基础上，对世界上主要发达国家－－美国，加拿大，日本，德国，英国和法国等，实施禁用（或限用）含磷洗衣粉措施的历史背景状况，实施后所取得的效果及当前存在的意见分岐作出简要的综述，结果表明，“禁磷”措施在洗衣粉中磷占入湖总磷量比例较大（２０％以上），且目前难以兴建三级污水处理厂的湖区，对削减磷的负荷，减缓湖泊富营养化的进程，起到一定的积极作用，但解决富营养化问题的根本途径。

The Practices of Restricting or Banning Phosphates in Detergents in Industralized Countries

Use of phosphate-containing detergents results in the presence of phosphorus in sewage, and the phosphorus contributes to high phosphorus levels in surface waters which can contribute to the eutrophication process. In the late 1960s, the Great Lakes were heavily polluted, the United States and Canada looked for measures to clean them up. The American action set the pattern for the world that was to ban detergent phosphates. From then on, a number of industrialized countries, such as Japan, Western European countries, have reduced or banned phosphates in detergents. Up to now, there has been no convincing evidence to support the view that the removal of phosphates from detergents can result in the change in the eutrophication state of a body of water.To prevent eutrophication, more than 90% of the phosphorus from all sources in wastewatersmust be removed. But in most cases, the reduction which can be achieved by restricted or banned phosphates in detergents is approximately 20 % of the total input phosphorus. Therefore, only advanced wastewater treatment, such as biological phosphorus uptake and chemical precipitation and absorption of phosphorus by the addition of iron and aluminium compounds or lime, is the most generally applicable approach in preventing eutrophication.A summary of the historical background, effects and arguments on restricting or banning phosphates in detergents in industrialized countries are provided. It is expected that this study will lead to the basis for the regulations in China of water resource protection.