Spatial and temporal variability of planktonic archaeal abundance in the Humboldt Current System off Chile |
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| Institution: | 1. Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica en el Pacífico Sur-Oriental (FONDAP-COPAS), Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile;2. Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160C, Concepción, Chile;3. Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile;1. Department of Oceanography & Center for Oceanographic Research in the eastern South Pacific University of Concepcion PO Box 160-C, Concepcion, Chile;2. Department of Oceanography & Center for Oceanographic Research in the eastern South Pacific University of Concepcion PO Box 160-C, Concepcion, Chile;1. National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Estuaries and Coastal Zones Division, Avenida do Brasil, 101, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal;2. Institut du Littoral et de l''Environnement, UMR 7266 CNRS - Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle Cedex, France;3. Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Departamento de Geologia, Centro de Geologia, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;4. Risk Management Solutions Ltd., Peninsular House, 30 Monument Street, London EC3R 8NB, UK;1. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMI 209 UPMC UMMISCO, Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale, Sète, France;2. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR EME 212 (Exploited Marine Ecosystems), Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale, Sète, France;3. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), LOCEAN-IPSL, UPMC, Paris, France;4. Grupo de Ecologia y Manejo, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile;5. Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile;1. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK;2. Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK;3. Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kavalergården 6, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark;1. Microbial and Environmental Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, United States;2. Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States;1. Department of Engineering Mechanics, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China;2. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Hydrodynamics, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China;3. Chinese Aviation Radio and Electronic Research Institute (CARERI), Shanghai 200233, China;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea;2. Hyundai Heavy Industry Co., Ltd., 1000, Bangeojinsunhwan-doro, Ulsan, 682-792, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | The latest advances in the field of microbial ecology have shown that planktonic Archaea are one of the most abundant unicellular microorganisms of the oceans. However, no information is available on the contribution this group makes to the prokaryote assemblages that inhabit the eastern South Pacific Ocean. Here, we describe the relative abundance and vertical distribution of planktonic Archaea off northern and central-southern Chile. Data come from several cruises and a 45-month time series at a station located on the shelf off central-southern Chile. Both the taxonomic composition of the prokaryote community and its relative abundance were determined using quantitative dot blot 16S-rRNA hybridizations. Total Archaea in central-southern Chile made up 6–87% of the prokaryote rRNA in the water column and did not present evidence of any seasonal pattern. Crenarchaea were the most abundant archaeal group at this site and were significantly associated with the ammonium concentration (r2=0.16, p=0.0003, n=80). Archaeal abundance in the time series was usually greater in the deeper layer (>50 m), with contributions reaching up to ～90% of the prokaryote rRNA on certain occasions, and decreasing towards the surface. Important increments in the relative abundance of total Archaea were observed on given dates at the surface of the time-series station off central-southern Chile. Off northern Chile, total Archaea normally contributed from ～10% to 50% of the prokaryote rRNA found between 10 and 1000 m, and were generally important in the mesopelagic realm. Our results indicate that Archaea constitute an important fraction of the prokaryote assemblage in the water column of the Humboldt Current System, especially in the oxygen minimum zone. |
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