Full-waveform topographic lidar: State-of-the-art |
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| Authors: | Clément Mallet Frédéric Bretar |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA;2. Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;3. Environmental Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, USA;4. Terrestrial Information Systems Laboratory (Code 619), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20705, USA;5. Department of Geography, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA;6. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;7. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia;8. Environmental Sensing Systems, Melbourne, Australia;9. CSIRO Land and Water, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia;1. Environmental, Earth, and Ocean Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA;2. Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA;3. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia;4. Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NY, 07043, USA;5. Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA;6. Environmental Sensing Systems, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia;7. CSIRO Land and Water, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia;8. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia;9. Department of Geography, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY, 10021, USA;1. Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands;2. Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK;1. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;2. Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, UK;3. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK;1. Global Environmental Modelling and Earth Observation (GEMEO), Department of Geography, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom;2. Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Airborne laser scanning (ALS) is an active remote sensing technique providing range data as 3D point clouds. This paper aims at presenting a survey of the literature related to such techniques, with emphasis on the new sensors called full-waveform lidar systems. Indeed, an emitted laser pulse interacts with complex natural and man-made objects leading to a temporal distortion of the returned energy profile. The new technology of full-waveform laser scanning systems permits one to digitize the complete waveform of each backscattered pulse. Full-waveform lidar data give more control to an end user in the interpretation process of the physical measurement and provide additional information about the structure and the physical backscattering characteristics of the illuminated surfaces. In this paper, the theoretical principles of full-waveform airborne laser scanning are first described. Afterwards, a review of the main sensors as well as signal processing techniques are presented. We then discuss the interpretation of full-waveform measures with special interest on vegetated and urban areas. |
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