重庆市山区农户耕地转入特征及其影响因素

耕地流转有利于缓解耕地撂荒和闲置问题,促进土地规模化经营,但已有山区的研究侧重耕地转出,且未深入分析农户耕地转入的特征.本文运用重庆市“两翼”地区12 个典型村的1015 份农户调查问卷,从地块尺度详细分析了农户耕地转入的特征,并通过Tobit 模型,定量分析了农户转入耕地面积的影响因素.结果表明:①农户多无偿转入耕地,但仍主要转入质量好、坡度小、离家近的地块;因受地形影响,转入地块又多为旱地,且难灌溉、面积小,并存在“去粮化”和粗放化经营.②农户特征方面,转入耕地的农户多为普通农户,经营耕地规模小、效益低,且地块细碎化程度高.③影响因素方面,农业劳动力比例、农业收入、农具数量和耕作面积对农户转入耕地面积有显著正向影响,而户主年龄、地块平均面积和地区哑变量则武隆县有显著负向影响.

Characteristics of farmland transfer-in and determinants in mountainous areas of Chongqing

At present, farmland abandonment is a widespread problem in many poor mountainous areas of China. This type of land use change in sensitive environment has positive impact on the ecological security of these areas, but affects negatively on grain production and food security. For national food security reasons, large amounts of basic farmland in mountainous areas are still required. Therefore the contradiction between ecological security and food security is hard to resolve. Farmland transfer, however, may offer a solution to this problem. Understanding the characteristics and determinants of farmland transfer- in provides insights for decision making on the rational distribution of basic farmland and grain for green projects, but existing research is insufficient for mountainous areas. Based on a field survey of 1015 households in the "two wings" of Chongqing using participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tool, this study analyzes the basic characteristics of farmland transfer- in at plot level. It quantitatively analyzes the influencing factors on the farmland area that farming households transfer in by using the Tobit model. The results show that: (1) As free-of-compensation transfer is common in the study area, the surveyed households are unwilling to transfer out large plots located close to residence. However, farming households who transfer in farmland tend to choose plots with relatively good quality or convenient for farming, and have a low demand for plots with relatively poor production conditions. Thus these plots are more likely to be abandoned. (2) The farming households who transfer in farmland are often small farmers with low cropping income and their plots are generally small. With regard to farmland management, the surveyed farming households tend to grow cash crops on the plots that they transfer in, while labor and fertilizer input to these plots are lower than that of own plots. (3) The Tobit model analysis suggests that farm labor force, household farming income, quantity of farming equipment, and cultivated area have significant positive impacts on the farmland area that households transfer in. On the other hand, age of household head, average plot area, and Wulong County have significant negative impacts. Other variables, such as off-farm income, quantity of household livestock, distance from market, road, and Wushan County, have no significant impact on the farmland area that farmers transfer in. (4) In order to foster land transfer market in the mountainous areas, targeted measures need to be adopted by the government, such as developing land consolidation projects, adjusting grain production subsidies and cropping structure, increasing the amount of agricultural machinery purchase allowance, and so on. This study also identified issues that require further research, for example, why free-of-compensation transfer is common in the mountainous areas and what is the role of the government in farmland transfer.