Phasing issues in the seismic response of yielding,gravity-type earth retaining walls – Overview and results from a FEM study |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States;2. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, Greece;1. Key Laboratory of High-Speed Railway Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China;2. School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, 202 W. Boyd St., Room 334, Norman, OK 73019, USA;1. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212003, Zhenjiang, China;2. Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, 210009, Nanjing, China;1. Department of Civil Engineering, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 61 Circle Dr., Edwardsville, IL 62026-1800, USA;2. Department of Civil Engineering, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 1263 Lincoln Dr., Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;1. Geotechnical Engineering Group, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee 247667, India;2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore;3. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, City Campus, NSW 2007, Australia;4. Department of Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Water Resources and Electric Engineering, No.1 Chongqing Road, Cangzhou 061001, China;1. Facultad de Ingeniería at Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile;2. National Research Center for Integrated Natural Disaster Management CONICYT/FONDAP/15110017, Chile;3. McMillan Jacobs Associates, San Francisco, CA, USA;4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA |
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| Abstract: | An overview of past and recent developments on the subject of seismic earth pressures on yielding, gravity-type walls, retaining cohesionless backfill, is first presented, focusing on available data on the issue of phase difference that develops between the peak values of wall inertia and seismic earth thrust increment. The results of a FEM parametric study are next presented regarding the dependence on the resulting dynamic earth thrust reduction – acting on the time of peak wall inertia – on backfill rigidity, wall height, and shaking characteristics. The reliability of the numerical analyses was verified by modeling centrifuge tests reported by Nakamura 24] and successfully comparing measured vs. computed behavior. The results of the parametric analyses indicate that the seismic active earth thrust, acting on the wall at the time of maximum wall inertia, is significantly reduced (compared to its peak value) with increasing shaking intensity of backfill, increasing wall displacements, increasing wall height, and decreasing backfill rigidity. No systematic dependence on the ratio of input motion frequency to the natural frequency of the backfill (f/f1) was observed. The above findings: (1) verify earlier experimental and numerical results, (2) explain the reported lack of damage to retaining walls under strong ground shaking, and (3) indicate the need for revising the pertinent provisions of current seismic codes. Graphs summarizing the results of the numerical analyses are presented which may be used as a guide for selecting the magnitude of seismic active earth thrust that needs to be taken into account in the design of the examined type of earth retaining walls. |
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| Keywords: | Gravity retaining wall Seismic earth pressure Phase difference Finite element analysis |
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