A review of the geological characteristics and mineralization history of iron deposits in the Altay orogenic belt of the Xinjiang,Northwest China |
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| Institution: | 1. MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 26 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing, 100037, PR China;2. Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Geodynamic Processes and Metallogenic Prognosis of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, College of Geology and Mining Engineering, Xinjiang University, 14 Sheng Li Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830049, PR China;3. Xinjiang Research Center for Mineral Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang,830011, PR China;4. No. 706 Geological Team of the Xinjiang Nonferrous Geoexploration Bureau, Altay, Xinjiang, 836500, PR China;5. Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources of Xinjiang, 279 East Karamay Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000, PR China;1. Xinjiang Research Center for Mineral Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China;2. Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Digital Geology, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China;3. Key Laboratory of Orogen and Crust Evolution, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;1. Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, 11821 Praha 1, Czech Republic;2. Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre, Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg — CNRS UMR7516, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blessig, F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France;3. Institut für Geowissenschaften, J. W. Goethe Universität, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;4. Institute of Petrology and Structural Geology, Charles University, 12843 Praha 2, Czech Republic;1. State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China;2. Basin and Reservoir Research Center, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China;3. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;4. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 50005, Australia;5. Unconventional Natural Gas Institute, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China;6. School of Earth Sciences and Gansu Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources in Western China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China |
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| Abstract: | In this review, we describe the geological characteristics and metallogenic–tectonic origin of Fe deposits in the Altay orogenic belt within the Xinjiang region of northwestern China. The Fe deposits are found mainly within three regions (ordered from northwest to southeast): the Ashele, Kelan, and Maizi basins. The principal host rocks for the Fe deposits of the Altay orogenic belt are the Early Devonian Kangbutiebao Formation, the Middle to Late Devonian Altay Formation, with minor occurrences of Lower Carboniferous and Early Paleozoic metamorphosed volcano-sedimentary rocks. The principal mineral-forming element groups of the deposits are Fe, Fe–Cu, Fe–Mn, Fe–P, Fe–Pb–Zn, Fe–Au, and Fe–V–Ti. The Fe deposits are associated with distinct formations, such as volcanic rocks, skarn deposits, pegmatites, granite-related hydrothermal vein mineralization, and mafic pluton-related V–Ti-magnetite deposits. The Fe deposits are most commonly associated with volcanic rocks in the upper Kangbutiebao Formation, in the volcano-sedimentary Kelan Basin, and in skarn deposits at several localities, including the lower Kangbutiebao Formation in the volcano-sedimentary Maizi Basin, and the Altay Formation at Jiaerbasidao–Kekebulake region. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in the prograde, retrograde and sulfide stages of the skarn type deposit are mainly medium- to high-temperature (cluster between 200 and 500 °C), medium-temperature (cluster between 200 and 340 °C) and low- to medium temperature (cluster between 160 and 300 °C), respectively. Ore fluids in the sedimentation period in the volcano-sedimentary type deposit are characterized by low- to medium temperature (with a peak around 190 °C), low to moderate salinity (3.23 to 22.71 wt.% NaCl equiv). Ore fluids in the pegmatite type deposit are characterized by low- to medium temperature (with a peak at 240 °C), low salinity (with a peak around 9 wt.% NaCl equiv). An analysis of the isotopic data for Fe deposits from the Altay orogenic belt indicates that the sulfur was derived from several sources, including volcanic rocks and granite, as well as bacterial reduction of sulfate from seawater. The present results indicate that different deposit types were derived from various sources. The REE geochemistry of rocks and ores from the Fe deposits in the Altay orogenic belt suggests that the ore-forming materials were derived from mafic volcanic rocks. Based on isotopic age data, the timing of the mineralization can be divided into four broad intervals: Early Devonian (410–384 Ma), Middle Devonian (377 Ma), Early Permian (287–274 Ma), and Early Triassic (c. 244 Ma). The ore-forming processes of the Fe deposits are closely related to volcanic activity and the emplacement of intermediate and felsic intrusions. We conclude that Fe deposits within the Altay orogenic belt developed in a range of tectonic settings, including continental arc, post-collisional extensional settings, and intracontinental settings. |
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