Exceptionally favourable life conditions for macrobenthos during the Late Cenomanian OAE-2 event: Ichnological record from the Bonarelli Level in the Grajcarek Unit,Polish Carpathians |
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| Institution: | 1. Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstr 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany;2. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, ØsterVoldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark;3. University of Exeter, Camborne School of Mines, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK;4. Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany;5. Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, 9177948974 Mashhad, Iran;6. Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013, USA;7. State Key Laboratories of BGEG and GPMR, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China;1. Department of Chemistry, Physics and Geology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC 29715, United States of America;2. Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States of America;3. Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, United States of America;4. Geosciences Department, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, United States of America;5. Department of Anthropology, Geography, and Geology, East Los Angeles College, Monterey Park, CA 91754, United States of America |
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| Abstract: | Pelagic and hemipelagic sediments of the Bonarelli Level (uppermost Cenomanian) in the Sztolnia section (Grajcarek Unit, Polish Carpathians) contain trace fossils of the Zoophycos ichnofacies, including (in descending order of abundance): Chondrites (smaller and larger forms), Planolites, Thalassinoides, Palaeophycus, Taenidium, Teichichnus, and Zoophycos. They occur in thick bioturbated layers, which are interbedded with rare, thin layers of unbioturbated black shales. The black shale layers mark the Bonarelli Level and are interpreted as a record of anoxia or dysoxia. Coeval sections in the Western Tethys contain similar trace fossils but they are less abundant and these sections are characterized by thicker unbioturbated black shale layers and thinner bioturbated layers. This confirms the exceptionally favourable life conditions in sediments of the Sztolnia section, which do not record strong global anoxia during the OAE-2 event. Such favourable conditions were probably caused by effective oxygenation of pore waters and deep burial of organic matter, which are a consequence of high rates of accumulation and the palaeogeographical location of the section on a flank of a submarine high, under strong circulation. |
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| Keywords: | Oceanic anoxic events Ichnology Cretaceous Carpathians |
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