城镇化进程中的空间扩张和土地利用控制

随着中国快速大规模的城镇化进程,城镇人口和产业集聚带来的就业岗位、基础设施、住房和公共服务设施的矛盾日益加剧,而城镇空间的快速扩张和蔓延式发展又成为众多矛盾的焦点。本文从规划理论和经济学理论出发分析了城镇空间扩张的内在动因,通过综述英美日等国家针对城镇空间扩张而采取的土地利用控制政策的经验提出了对策建议,并通过比较研究探讨了城市土地利用的合理标准问题。研究表明,资源环境条件是城镇密度的先决条件,基于亚洲大部分国家的资源环境基础和发展中国家的实际情况,集约化的城镇空间是我国最现实、最合理的选择;交通模式、土地开发模式、住宅开发模式、道路交通税制等是影响城镇密度的关键因素,因此,公共交通比例、住宅开发形式的选择等是对城镇空间密度进行调控的重要手段;城镇密度(人均土地利用指标)的最佳标准应根据交通模式、土地开发模式、住宅开发模式等条件的不同而区别确定。欧美研究学者提出的紧凑型发展模式下的城镇合理人口密度大致在70~150人/hm²之间。基于分析和比较,本研究建议集合住宅比例在80%以上的我国大中城市的人均城镇土地利用指标采用人均80~105 m²的标准,并应在实施过程中从严控制。

Expansion of urban space and land use control in the process of urbanization

Urban expansion brought by the rapid progress of urbanization has caused many problems in China. It is a significant issue to evaluate the extent of urban expansion and to make appropriate controls over the sprawl of urban areas. With a comprehensive review and analysis of relative planning and economic theories as well as international experiences, this paper argued that Chinese cities have no better choice but compact urban forms. A policy package integrating planning and taxation measures should be adopted to achieve the goal of compact development. To achieve this goal, intensive use of public transportation and high proportion of collective houses should be encouraged. It is necessary to determine the best density of cities based on solid research, where the variation of cities should be considered. Based on comparative analysis, for instance, 80~105 m² per capita is recommended as the reasonable range of urban density in large and middle-scale Chinese cities with about 80% of housing stocks being collective houses.