美国不动产征收典型案例分析及启示

美国宪法第五修正案规定不动产征收改变了以往封建社会不动产征收为统治阶级服务的目的而转向公共利益。但最初的制度设计随着政府角色定位改变、社会经济发展繁荣等多种因素难以充分应对公共政策制定和实施过程中遇到的各种问题。该文通过分析美国不动产征收权的形成背景及对其产生影响的典型案例,探析美国不动产征收权的形成与演化。结果表明,随着社会经济多元化发展以及公共用途内涵的不断扩展,美国政府通过案例来补充和完善法律在最初界定不动产征收相关条款的概括和不足。政府在行使不动产征收权的时候,虽然部分涉及与经营性用地结合来实现提高本地居民收入、增加就业机会和改善局部市政环境等目标,但如何协调政府行为与公共利益的关键在于建立合理的公共参与制度来反映公众诉求和监督政府行为,以实现个体权益保护的目的。美国不动产征收制度的演化与发展为我国征地制度改革提供了一定的理论借鉴和案例支撑。

Analysis and Enlightenment of Typical Cases in Real Estate Legistration in the USA

The fifth amendment to the constitution of the United States stipulated that the imposition of real property changed the purpose of the former feudal real estate expropriation as the service of the ruling class and turned to the public interest. However, with the change of government role and social economic development and prosperity, the initial system design is difficult to deal with all kinds of problems encountered in the formulation and implementation of public policies. In this paper, the formation and evolution of the imposition of real property in the United States have been studied by analyzing the background of the formation of the right of immovable property in the United States and typical cases. It is showed that with the diversified development of social economy and the expansion of the connotation of public use, the US government supplements and improves the generalization and deficiency of relevant provisions of the law in the initial definition of real estate acquisition by case studies. When the government is exercise of the right to immovable property, the operation of land will be used together in order to increase the income of local residents, increase employment opportunities, and improve local municipal environment. How to coordinate the government behavior and the public interest is to establish a reasonable public participation system to reflect the demands of the public supervision and government behavior in order to achieve the protection of the rights and interests of the individual. The evolution and development of the immovable property expropriation system in the United States provides a certain theoretical reference and case support for the reform of the land expropriation system in China.