中国地区银行业金融系统的区域差异

随着中国国金融服务业不断深入改革以及对外资金融机构的逐渐开放,金融服务业的空间格局更为复杂.以银行业为例,区域内服务地域范围不同的银行金融机构的组合已经引起人们的重视,这种组合就构成了地区金融系统(地区银行系统).地区金融系统内的银行金融机构可以划分为包括国有商业银行、政策性银行、全国性股份制商业银行、外资银行等的外来型银行金融机构,以及包括城市商业银行(城市信用社)、农村信用社(农村合作银行)等的本地型银行金融机构.研究表明:地区金融系统存在着萌芽期、发展期以及成熟期三个发展阶段,不同阶段具有明显的特点.地区金融系统受到地区经济发展水平、产业结构、地方政策以及地区金融素养等因素影响.采用定性和定量相结合的方法,利用中国30个省市(自治区)的数据,分析了中国各地区金融系统的区域差异.在各地区金融系统中,外来型银行金融机构表现为:国有银行的分支机构处于相对主导的地位;外资银行集中于重要结点;全国性股份制商业银行区域性集中趋势明显;对于本地型银行金融机构则具有城市商业银行分布不均;农村信用社填充国有银行撤出地区空白,但实际发挥的作用有限等特点.

Regional Differences of Local Banking Systems in China

In the case of banking, this paper defines local financial systems as those financial institutions which serve different spatial ranges located in an administrative region. We divide these banking institutions into two types:the exogenous institutions and the endogenous institutions. The exogenous institutions are national state-owned banks, and the endogenous institutions are local banks. The former ones contain the state-owned commercial banks, the policy banks, the national joint shareholding commercial banks;and the latter ones include the city commercial banks and the rural credit cooperatives. With the two types combined, local financial systems experience three stages:The first one is the budding stage. In this stage, the exogenous institutions dominate the financial services in a region;the endogenous institutions just begin their financial affairs. The second one is the developing stage. Local financial systems have the dynamic changes in this stage. On one hand, systems become more attractive for the exogenous institutions and make the endogenous institutions grow up fast;on the other hand, systems develop so slow that the exogenous institutions choose to leave the region. The third one is the mature stage, the endogenous institutions develop to the exogenous institutions, and systems change to financial centers. Based on the data from the statistics of the Central Bank, this paper analyses the spatial differences among provinces. The result shows that the eastern part plays an essential role in both the institution numbers and the assets;local financial systems in this part are in the mature stage. While the middle and western parts have a small portion compared with the eastern, the systems in these areas are in the budding and slow developing stage. In local financial systems, the branches of state-owned banks dominate local financial systems;the foreign banks concentrate on important city nodes;the national joint shareholding commercial banks centralize in certain areas;the city commercial banks are unevenly distributed;and the rural credit cooperatives have little contribution to local economy.