Impacts of geodynamic phenomena on systems for height and gravity

Geodynamic phenomena of permanent or secular characters play a significant role when defining height systems and gravity systems. A treatment is here given of the permanent earth tide, postglacial land uplift, sea level changes and polar drift from this point of view.

1.	The various gravity and geoid concepts originating from differing ways of handling the permanent tide are treated, and transformations between them are given. Numerical applications are made to height and gravity systems in the Nordic countries, including determination of land uplift. The oceanographic deviation of mean sea level in the Baltic Sea is discussed with respect to the permanent tide. Problems caused by the permanent tide in height determination based onGPS are illustrated.
2.	The effects of postglacial land uplift and sea level changes are dealt with together. Again, numerical applications are made to height and gravity systems in the Nordic countries. It is discussed how sea level data should be included in the determination of land uplift. An attempt to estimate the remaining land uplift is made.
3.	A few words are said on the role of polar drift when defining a gravity system.