西方制图技术的传入对中国近代制图技术的影响

16世纪末,西方制图技术传入中国,相对独立发展的中国传统地图学,开始受到西方的影响。直到民国的3个多世纪内,西方包含经纬度控制和投影变换等的精确制图技术,在每个阶段传入和传播的过程中,对中国传统地图学的发展均产生了不同程度的影响。本文以明末、清初、清末至民国时期作为研究的主要时段,着重分析了每个时期西方制图技术的传入背景、受其影响产生的地图作品,对中国传统地图学的影响,并梳理中国传统地图学在西方制图技术的影响下,由独立发展到对西方制图技术的抵触和借鉴直至吸收,到完成中国地图学由传统旧法向现代新法的转变,构建起符合中国社会发展需求的近代制图理论的过程,以期能对现代的地图制图产生相应的启发。

The Influence of the Introduction of Western Mapping Technology to Recent Chinese Mapping Technology

At the end of the 16^th century, western cartography technology was introduced to China. AT this moment, the relatively independent traditional Chinese cartography was influenced by the western country. Until the formation of the Republic of China, western precise mapping technology had influenced the development of traditional Chinese cartography in many aspects, including the latitude and longitude control and the projective transformation. The main research direction of this paper is focusing on 3 historical periods of China, including the end of Ming Dynasty, the beginning of Qing Dynasty and the end of Qing Dynasty, and emphatically analyzing the background of western cartography technology at every period. Under its influence, some map works emerged. The changes of traditional Chinese cartography are summarized. At first, the traditional Chinese cartography developed independently and resisted western cartography. But afterwards, the former fully absorbed the latter. Finally, the traditional cartography which was transformed from the old method to the new method built up the modern cartography theory which meets the development demand of China. Furthermore, this paper summarized the corresponding historical experience, hoping to illuminate the mapping personnel nowadays.