A review of the formation of tectonic veins and their microstructures |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany;2. School of Geological Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa;1. School of Resources & Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China;2. The Collaborative Innovation Center for Coalbed Methane and Shale Gas at the Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China;3. Key Lab of Computational Geodynamics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;4. College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;5. College of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China;1. Key Laboratory of Deep-Earth Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China;2. Exploration and Production Research Institute of SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China;3. Northwestern Petroleum Subsidiary of SINOPEC, Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China;4. School of Earth Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210046, China;1. CET (M006), School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;2. iVEC@UWA (M024), Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;3. Australian Resources Research Centre (ARRC), 26 Dick Perry Avenue, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia;4. School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;1. Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;2. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia;3. SINOPEC Jianghan Oilfield Company, Qianjiang 433124, China;1. Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, University Station Box X, Austin, TX 78713-8924, USA;2. YPF S.A., Macacha Güemes 515, C1106BKK Buenos Aires, Argentina;3. YTEC, Av. del Petroleo Argentino 900-1198, Berisso, Buenos Aires, Argentina;1. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China;2. Institute of Sedimentary Geology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China;3. CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China |
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| Abstract: | Veins are common features in rocks and extremely useful structures to determine stress, strain, pressure, temperature, fluid composition and fluid origin during their formation. Here we provide an overview of the origin and terminology of veins. Contrary to the classical tripartite division of veins into syntaxial (inward growth), antitaxial (outward growth) and stretching veins (no consistent growth direction), we emphasise a continuum between syntaxial and stretching veins that form from the crack-seal process, as opposed to antitaxial veins that grow without the presence of an open fracture during growth. Through an overview of geochemical methods that can be applied to veins we also address the potential, but so far little-investigated link between microstructure and geochemistry. There are basically four mechanisms with increasing transport rates and concomitant decreasing fluid–rock interaction: (1) diffusion of dissolved matter through stagnant pore fluid; (2) flow of fluid with dissolved matter through pores; (3) flow of fluid with dissolved matter through fractures and (4) movement of fractures together with the contained fluid and dissolved matter (mobile hydrofractures). A vein system is rarely the product of a single transport and mineral precipitation mechanism, as these vary strongly both in space and time within a single system. |
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