作为生态和环境保护手段的空间规划:联邦德国的经验及对中国的启示

联邦德国生态环境保护走过了一条污染-治理-预防的道路, 即由技术性和应激性转为政策性和预防性的环境保护。生态环境保护政策和措施由环保活动家,大企业，学术界,地方及联邦各级有关部门共同制定,并由一个国家级综合的监测体系监督执行。公众不仅有权力了解结果，而且也将参与政策措施的制订和监督。德国空间规划包含欧盟，联邦，州，区域，城镇和城市建设6个层面。空间规划，特别是生态环境规划已成为预防生态环境破坏的重要措施。然而，联邦德国生态环境规划实施也面临个人交通和小企业污染以及环保成本提高造成企业区位劣势所带来的挑战。这些经验教训对中国的生态环境保护目标，政策措施的完善及生态空间规划的制订和监督落实，环境评价，特别是规划本身的环境评价具有借鉴意义。具体包括4个方面: 1)生态环境保护政策实现从提高环保技术手段向预防污染产生转变; 2)保证生态环境保护政策及实施的有效性; 3)把空间规划作为实现区域经济和社会稳定可持续发展的手段，提高生态和环保目标的地位; 4)在规划的技术层面上关注居住，休闲，交通和自然保护区用地的增长。

Spatial Planning as a Tool for Ecological and Environmental Protection: the German Experience and its Significance in Chin

Federal Republic of Germany experienced a way of Pollution-Treatment-Prevention in the field of ecological and environmental protection， namely a policy transformation from a technological and emergency policy to a political and preventive environmental protection policy. The ecological and environmental protection policyes are formulated together by environmental activists， big enterprises， and academics as well as the local and federal governmental departments concerned， and will be supervised and carried out by a comprehensive monitoring system on a national level. The public has the right to not only learn the results， but also participate in the drawing up and supervision of this policy. Spatial planning， especially ecological and environmental planning have become an important part in preventing ecological and environmental pollution. The German spatial planning system includes 6 levels from the higher level to the grass roots， i.g., EU， Federal Republic of Germany， state， region， city and construction bureau. The implementation of ecological and environmental planning， however， has to face the challenges of the pollution caused by private traffic and small enterprisers as well as the challenges of the location disadvantage caused by the increasing of environmental protection cost on the enterprises. These experiences and lessons of Germany could be used as a point of reference for improving of objectives， policy and measure of ecological and environmental protection as well as formulating， implementing and supervising spatial， ecological and environmental planning in China， including: 1) transformation of ecological and environmental policy from improving technological measures to preventing environmental pollution; 2) assuring the implementation of ecological and environmental protection; 3) regarding spatial planning as a tool to protect the environment and realize regional economic and social sustainable development; and 4) paying more attention to land use for residence， traffic， vocation and nature preservation zone at the technological level of planning.