Atmospheric observations of liquid water in cloud and of chemical species in aerosols and gases near the ground and in fallen snow at Svalbard, Arctic

Columnar observations of liquid water and of radar echo intensity in cloud were carried out, using a microwave radiometer and a vertically pointing radar respectively, in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Chemical concentrations were also measured in aerosols, gases and snowfalls. Clouds with a large proportion of liquid water moved over the site after snow clouds, with a much lower liquid water content, had been present for about 16 h. The mass concentrations of most chemical species in snowfalls were lower from the first set of clouds than the second. The NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ concentrations in gases and aerosols associated with the first set of clouds were higher than in the second set, but Cl⁻ concentration was less for the first set than the second.