1961-2013年青海高原雷暴日数及雷电灾害变化特征研究

利用青海省48个测站雷暴、 雷电灾害监测资料, 分析了1961-2013年青海全省雷暴日数、 1997-2014年雷电灾害气候特征及其变化趋势. 结果表明: 青海省年雷暴日数在2.3～73.8 d之间, 两个高值中心分别在囊谦及祁连山的大通, 而两个低值中心在冷湖和西宁. 多雷区分布在三江源大部、 青海高原东北部大部, 而柴达木盆地为雷暴低发区. 青海高原雷暴日数分布特征为自东南向西北随纬度增加而逐渐减少, 各地区雷暴日数减少趋势非常显著, 三江源尤为突出. 全省大部分地区经历了增加-减少-增加-减少的演变规律; 各地雷暴的年内分布呈单峰型, 雷暴主要发生在5-9月, 主要集中在 6-8月, 最早出现在1月, 最晚出现在11月. 全省平均初雷日为4月16日, 最早初雷暴日为1月9日, 平均终雷暴日为9月15日, 最晚终雷暴日为11月28日. 青海省雷电灾害次数以微弱的次数增加, 直接经济损失、 人员伤亡也呈增加趋势, 家用、 办公电子电器设备损失呈增加趋势, 而电力设备、 建筑物、 交通、 金融等行业发生的次数、 损失呈下降趋势.

Characteristics of thunderstorm and lightning disasters in Qinghai Plateau in 1961-2013

Using the thunderstorm and lightning disaster data monitored in 48 stations in Qinghai Province, the characteristics of thunderstorm and lightning disasters during 1961-2013 were analyzed in this paper. The results show that there are 2.3-73.8 thunderstorm days in the province, with higher value in Nangqian and Datong, and lower value in Lenghu and Xinning, and with more lightning events in Sanjiangyuan area and the most parts of northeast; the Qaidam basin is the less thunderstorm area; Thunderstorm day gradually reduces significantly from the southeast to northwest with increasing latitude, especially in Sanjiangyuan area; In most regions the stages of increasing, decreasing, increasing and then decreasing has experienced one by one. The number of annual thunderstorm day has a single peak, mainly from June to August, with the first one in January and the last one in November; On average, the beginning thunderstorm day is on April 16 and the ending thunderstorm day is on September 15, and the earliest and latest ones are on September 1 and November 28; lightning disaster has increased a little, direct economic losses, casualties, house and office appliances equipment losses also have increased, but the power equipment, building, transportation, finance and other industries losses have decreased.