需水供水联合管理面临的新的机遇与挑战

在未来10年以及更长的一段时间,全球和中国的水资源管理面临着紧迫的挑战,这些挑战包括水管控、水与食物、水与自然、水与能源、水与健康以及与气候变化相适应的与水相关的跨国合作,所有这些都与区域和全球尺度水安全相关。为了应对这些挑战,无论在中国还是世界范围,水资源管理战略必须解决需水管理(WDM)和供水管理(WSM)这两个重要问题,以及需水管理和供水管理的联合管理问题。本文将站在一个全球高度上研讨这一紧迫问题。通过分析,建议如下:在地方一级进行关于供水和需水管理的知识转让和经验交流和实践;在国家一级制定完善促进供需水管理的指导方针,最终发展到流域和区域级别。由于大陆或次大陆存在很大的差异,具体的区域指导报告是必要的,其中包括:专门针对现有可利用水资源和水需求的评估(通过使用水文方法进行水资源的评估以及需水调查和预测);关于组织、机构、税收、培训和教育的供需水的联合管理,在全球范围起草一个联合国公约草案。并在联合国会议上强调跨国界流域管理和/或竞争用水情况下的管理和/或水匮乏的供水需水联合管理的重要性。参照上述列举的目标,这些目标可能侧重于4个方面:在地方和国家一级(短期)供水管理;在地方和国家一级(短期)需水管理;在国家一级(中期和长期)供水管理和需水管理联合管理:在国际/区域一级(中期和长期)供水管理和需水管理联合管理。

New Opportunity and Challenges on Integrated Water Supply and Water Demand Managements

Urgent challenges to water resources management for the next decade and beyond include Water Governance, Water & Food, Water & Nature, Water & Energy, and Water & Health including Sanitation,Water & Transboundary Cooperation and Climate Change & Adaptation, all of which are related to water security in regional & global scales. To respond to these challenges, water management strategies in both China and World need to address the two pillars of water demand management (WDM) and water supply management (WSM), broadly conceived, and the appropriate mix of WDM and WSM. This paper will address this urgent issue in global vision. By analysis, it was recommended as follows: at local level to carry out knowledge-transfer and exchange of the experiences and best practices about WSM; at country level to develop Guidelines for improving a joint WSM and WDM (eventually to be developed at river basin/district level). Since situations in each continent or sub-continent are very different, it is necessary to address specific Regional Guidance Reports including: a first Part, devoted to the assessment of available water resources and demands by using hydrological methods for estimating resources, and demand survey and predictions; a second Part on the organizations, institutions, tariffs and training and educational dimension of a joint WSM and WDM, at international level to develop a draft of an U.N. Convention oriented to foster a joint WSM and WDM for trans-boundary basins and/or under conditions of competitive uses and/or water scarcity. With reference to the above cited aims, the objectives could be limited on four aspects: WSM at local and country level (and short term); WDM at local and country level (and short term);Joint WSM and WDM at national level for medium and long term; Joint WSM and WDM at international/regional level for medium and long term.