实现纤维素生物质能源的可持续发展(英文)

生物质是一种丰富易得的清洁能源,具有大幅减少温室气体排放的潜力。与以玉米及其他谷物为原料的生物质能源生产技术相比,由于纤维生物能源生产消耗的化石能源较少(化石能源与碳的比值低)而备受关注。然而,生物燃料生产系统并非简单,受到多种因素的影响,如能量供应、农村的经济发展水平、土地和生态系统的保护、温室气体减排的可能性以及社会培训等。本文简要综述生物质能源开发的经济与环境影响。根据区域气候和生态条件,不同地区具有各自的生物质种类或能源作物的优化组合。在不久的将来,生物质能源开发的生物技术所面临的挑战包括:生物质形成与细胞壁分解过程的认识与操控,生物质预处理技术,糖产量高的植物变种的选育,用于纤维素降解的酶和微生物的大规模筛选与选育等。除强调生物质能源开发的环境安全和公共健康的重要性之外,生物质能开发还需要解决生命周期评价(LCA)、可持续性的标准和指标的建立等问题。

Towards Sustainable Cellulosic Bioenergy

Biomass is an abundant, domestically available source of clean energy that has the potential to greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Production of biofuels from cellulosic biomass is attractive because of its low fossil energy-to-carbon ratio compared to corn and other grain-based technologies.However, biofuel production systems are not simple. They are subject to multiple factors: energy supply,economic development in rural communities, land and ecosystem protection, potential for reduction of greenhouse gas emission, and social training. This paper provides a brief overview of the environmental and economic impacts of bioenergy development. Different regions should have their own optimized portfolio of biomass species or energy crops according to regional climate and ecological conditions.Near-future biotechnology challenges include understanding and manipulation of biomass formation and breakdown of cell wall, biomass pretreatment and selection of plant variants with improved sugar yields,and high throughput characterization and selection of enzymes and microbes for cellulose deconstruction.Life-cycle assessment and development of sustainable criteria and indicators are addressed in addition to the emphasis of the importance of environmental security and public health associated with bioenergy development.