国家公园公益化管理国外相关研究及启示

国家公园通过公益化管理体现其公益性。相关主体行为是相应管理的主要对象,以使之产生正外部性,减少或消除其负外部性。国外国家公园已有100多年的公益化管理实践,产生了大量研究。论文分析、归纳国外学者在相关方面所关注的主要内容,并系统梳理针对这些内容的研究,总结出其对国内国家公园公益化管理中应对现实问题、达成“理顺权属关系、扩大社会参与、实现公益服务、保障社区利益”等目标的启示：非国有土地管理合约化、管理权限系统化、保护责任制度化、社会募捐常态化、生态保护科学化;以及通过构建渠道、科学组织实现公众参与保护及管理;以体现公益、优化体验、环境教育为目标提供游憩服务;以正外部性最大、负外部性最小为原则对企业及访客进行管理;以激励相融、利益保障为原则实现社区共管共享等。

International research on national park management for public welfare and implications

National parks achieve their public welfare objective through public welfare oriented management that takes different stakeholders' behaviors as the main object of management, and the management focuses on maximizing the positive externalities of related behaviors and minimizing their negative externalities. There has been a history of 148 years since the first national park was set up in the world. From then on, numerous international studies relevant to the public welfare orientated management have been conducted. This study examined the international research literature by using bibliometric analysis, summarizing the key contents on managing national park stakeholders' behaviors for public welfare, and systematically reviewing international research related to these key contents. Implications for the public welfare orientated management of national parks in China for addressing the current problems and realizing the main management goals, improving the ownership relationship, enhancing social participation, realizing public welfare, and protecting local communities' interests include: 1) to promote management through managing non-state land by signing contracts, granting regulatory agency systematic administration authority, institutionalizing the protection duty, normalizing social donation, and improving environmental conservation; 2) to realize public involvement in conservation and management by establishing channels and scientifically organizing such activities so as to achieve greater protection and sound decision making and to reflect public interests; 3) to provide recreational services aiming at reflecting public welfare of national parks, optimizing tourist experience, and implementing environment education; 4) to manage private enterprises and visitors according to the principles of maximizing positive externalities and minimizing negative externalities; and 5) to guarantee local people's rights and to realize community co-management and sharing of benefits through integrating conservation and development.