全球创意城市的区域多样性与网络结构特征

创意城市是当前学术界讨论的热点之一。然而,当前研究主要关注创意城市构成要素,缺少从全球尺度分析不同地区创意城市发展的异同性。本文系统梳理创意城市的概念内涵,以联合国教科文组织“创意城市网络”成员城市为基础数据,通过聚类分析、社会网络分析等方法,考察了全球创意城市的类型与空间分布特征、区域多样性以及“创意城市网络”的结构特征。研究发现:(1)全球创意城市在类型上以手工艺和民间艺术、音乐为核心主题,在空间上呈现以西欧、东北亚、加勒比海和墨西哥湾为主要集聚地的发展态势。(2)全球创意城市因受到历史文化和地理邻近等因素的影响表现出很强的区域聚类现象,全球国家大致可分为四种类型:音乐媒体艺术类国家(以欧洲和加勒比海国家为主)、文学创意类国家(以印欧语系国家为主)、手工艺与民间艺术类创意国家(以古丝绸之路国家为主)、设计创意及美食类国家(以亚洲国家为主)。(3)韩国、澳大利亚、意大利、美国、中国等国家在全球创意城市网络中占据中心位置,中国创意城市数量较高,但网络中的度中心性有待进一步提升,这主要由于中国的创意城市存在较为严重的同质化现象,缺少多样化创意发展战略。

Regional diversity and network structure of global creative cities

Over the past years, creative cities received great attention in academic circle. However, current literature mainly focuses on the cases in specific regions, lacking of research on the regional heterogeneity in the development of creative cities on the global level. Based on the concept of creative cities, this paper provides an empirical study on regional diversity of UNESCO Creative City Network members. Using the quantitative methods such as clustering analysis, social network analysis, it investigates the clustering of the global creative cities among different countries. The findings suggest that: (1) In terms of the types of global creative cities, the core themes in the UNESCO Creative City Network are handicraft, folk art and music. In terms of regional distribution, Western Europe, Northeast Asia, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico are the core areas. (2) This regional heterogeneity is greatly influenced by historical and cultural contexts, as well as geographical proximity. In general, countries over the world can be classified into four clusters: Music Media Art countries (mainly European and Caribbean countries), Literature Creative countries (mainly Indo-European countries), Handicraft and Folk Art Creative countries (dominated by ancient Silk Road countries), Design Creative Country and Food Creative Country (mainly Asian countries). (3) South Korea, Australia, Italy, the United States, China and other countries take up the central position in the global creative cities network. Although China has a lot of creative cities, its centrality is relatively faire due to that homogenization of creative cities in China is serious. There is a shortage of diversified development strategies in building creative cities in China. © 2023 Editorial Department of World Regional Studies