Determination of major and trace elements in European bottled mineral water — Analytical methods |
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Authors: | Manfred Birke Clemens Reimann Alecos Demetriades Uwe Rauch Hans Lorenz Bodo Harazim Wolfgang Glatte |
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Affiliation: | 1. Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany;2. Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;3. Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (IGME), Spirou Louis Street 1, 13677 Acharnae, Greece;4. Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Branch Office Berlin, Wilhelmstrasse 25–30, 13593 Berlin, Germany |
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Abstract: | A total of 1785 European bottled water samples were analyzed using standard laboratory methods. The bottled water samples were purchased in 2008 at supermarkets throughout 40 European countries. The samples were analyzed for 71 chemical parameters (As, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, I, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr, Br−, HCO3−, Cl−, F−, NH4+, NO2−, NO3−, PO43−, SO42−, SiO2, pH, and EC) by quadrupole inductively coupled emission spectroscopy (ICP-QMS, trace elements), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES, major elements), ion chromatography (IC, anions), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS, Hg), titration (alkalinity), photometric methods (NH4+), potentiometric methods (pH), and conductometric methods (specific electrical conductivity, EC). A very strict quality control procedure was followed by analysing blanks, international reference materials, an internal project standard, and duplicate analyses, as well as by analysing 23 elements by both ICP-QMS and ICP-AES. Analysis of marketed bottled water from springs, wells or boreholes, apart from the evaluation of its quality with respect to inorganic elements, it may provide a cheap alternative to obtain a first impression about groundwater chemistry at the European scale. |
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Keywords: | ICP-QMS ICP-AES IC AFS Titration method Photometric method Trace and major elements Anions Mineral water Tap water Quality control |
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