Rapid variations in echo power maps of VHF radar backscatter from the lower atmosphere |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Physics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK;2. Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Electro-Optics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA;3. Radio Atmospheric Science Center, University of Kyoto, Uji, Kyoto, Japan;4. Environmental Systems Science Centre, University of Reading, UK;1. Department of Computer Science, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK;2. Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia;3. School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210018, PR China;1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Human Reproduction Unit, Cruces University Hospital, Basque Country University, Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain;2. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Spain;3. Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, IVI Bilbao, IVIRMA, Bilbao, Spain;4. EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, USA;5. Pharma Value Consulting, Switzerland;6. Merck Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany;7. Scientific Centre for Endometriosis, University Hospitals of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany;8. Department of Gynecology, Jena-University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany;9. Cha University, Fertility Centre, Bundang Medical Centre, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea;10. Seoul Maria Fertility Hospital, Seoul, South Korea;11. Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain;12. Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ruber Internacional Hospital, Madrid, Spain;13. Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis & Reproductive Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;14. Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, USA;15. Department of Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK;1. Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates;2. Dubali Electricity and Water Authority R&D Center, Dubai, United Arab Emirates;1. Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United States;2. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, United States;3. Purdue University, United States;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;2. Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA |
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| Abstract: | For the first time, echo power maps of aspect-sensitive VHF backscatter are shown, with good time and spatial resolutions, for angles 0°–7° from zenith. Sequences of power maps show large changes in appearance over timescales of a few minutes and height intervals of a few hundred metres. Often, individual power maps are consistent with tilted and distorted specular-type scattering layers, rather than anisotropic turbulence, and the direction of maximum echo power is sometimes several degrees off-vertical. Nevertheless, after time-averaging the variable echo-power patterns, the average pattern can become almost circular and centred on zenith, as has been assumed in the past. Echo power maps measured in strong windshear beneath the jet stream show a skewing of the echo power distribution. However, some power maps in the lower stratosphere, despite stronger wind shear, appear more constrained and their maximum echo power remains closer to zenith. |
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