中国老年群体脆弱性时空格局与性别协调发展特征——基于积极老龄化政策框架

运用地理学方法,分析2005~2015年中国老年群体脆弱性时空特征和性别协调发展趋势。结果表明:① 中国老年群体脆弱性指数显著下降,呈现东→中→西阶梯式递增趋势,全国层面上区域差异不断扩大。东部地区降幅高于中、西部地区,地带内部差距显著;② 空间非均衡性特征显著,以东西差异为主,转变为东西、南北方向上差异并存的空间格局。除新疆外,广大西部地区老年群体脆弱性普遍偏高;③ 中国老年女性受差异性劣势累积而处于社会边缘地位,是更具脆弱性的亚群体,在空间上表现为高脆弱水平均衡态势。就性别差异来看,西北和东南沿海地区相对显著;④ 中国老年群体生存发展条件的性别对比关系发生较大转变,二者趋向于良好协调发展。积极关注老年期妇女群体的脆弱性和不公平待遇,将是实现积极与健康老龄化的重要突破口。

Spatial-temporal Pattern of the Vulnerability and Gender Coordination Development Characteristics of the Elderly in China Based on the Policy Framework of Active Aging

Based on the theoretical framework of active aging proposed by the WHO, this paper established the index system to evaluate the vulnerability of the elderly in China. Three dimensions, health, participation and security, were used to calculate the vulnerability value of the elderly in each province, Then this paper quantitatively analyzed temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the vulnerability of the elderly population in China from 2005 to 2015, as well as discussed the trend of gender coordination development using a coupling coordination model. Results obtained were as follows: 1) In the past 10 years, the vulnerability index of the elderly had decreased significantly, while differences among province shown a stepped increase from the east to the central then to the west in China. The decline tendency of the vulnerability index in the western regions was significantly higher than those in the eastern and central regions. Differences among provinces in the eastern China were the most significant; 2) The spatial evolutionary situation was non-equilibrium characterized. Spatial distribution of the vulnerability was dominated by differences between the eastern and western regions, and the coexistence between the east - west and the north - south. Except for Xinjiang Autonomous Region, the vulnerability of the elderly in the western region was generally higher, and would experience more risks in face of health and active aging; 3) Compared with men, women were marginalized by differential disparities and were sub-groups more vulnerable with a high level of vulnerability and equilibrium in spatial. In terms of gender differences, the northwest and southeastern coastal regions are relatively significant in China; 4) Under the policy framework of active aging, differences in vulnerability between genders have decreased constantly. The gender contrast relationship has undergone a major change of the Chinese elderly population in the survival and development conditions, which tend to develop in a healthy and coordinated manner. National and local governments are actively focusing on the vulnerability and unfair treatment of older women's groups throughout the life cycle, which will be an important breakthrough in achieving positive and healthy ageing in China.