Growth and gonad production of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus in the fucoid bed and algal turf in northern Japan

To clarify the differences in the growth and gonad size of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus among algal sere, the study was conducted in June and July, and September 1998 at three fucoid beds in Oga and at three algal turfs in Hachimori, Akita Prefecture in northern Japan. The most rapid growth was observed in a large perennial fucoid bed at the climax stage. Growth in a small perennial Chondrus ocellatus‐dominated bed in algal turfs in the seral stage was then high. The slowest growth was observed in the small perennial Dictyopteris divaricata‐ and Laurencia spp.‐dominated beds which are known to possess chemicals which act as feeding deterrents against the sea urchins. The gonad index (gonad wet weight × 100/body wet weight) at a fucoid bed was high where standing crops exceeded 3 kg·m^?2. The gonad index in the Laurencia bed was lower than those at fucoid beds. These results suggest that growth and gonad production are affected by algal sere and differ among species of small perennial algae in the seral stage with or without chemical defense.     

Coastal geomorphic evolution at the Denglou Cape, the Leizhou Peninsula

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剥片高岭土的有机改性

用醋酸钾进行插层形成高岭土—醋酸钾复合体。通过X射线检测，高岭土层间距明显增大。将此复合体通过水洗，除去醋酸钾，高岭土即被剥片。剥片后高岭土粒径变小，但保持了高岭土的基本层状结构。用偶联剂对剥片后高岭土进行有机改性，形成高岭土有机复合物。“有效活化指数”的测定实验表明，利用此种方法制备的剥片高岭土有机改性效果很好。     

不同覆盖措施对高寒地区剥离的草皮块堆放温湿度及成活的影响

重大工程建设会扰动高寒草地,法规要求扰动区草皮层应予以剥离,待工程建设后再用于恢复原生植被,当前对剥离草皮堆放成活的影响研究较少。试验设计遮阳网与穿孔膜两种覆盖条件,探讨分析其对剥离的草皮块堆放与铺植利用后土壤温湿度及草皮块返青覆盖度的影响,研究结果表明：遮阳网覆盖堆体较自然地表日均土壤温度显著降低,同时各深度层极大延长冻结期,降水对土壤水分的补充效应延后,并造成堆放期水分大量损失;穿孔膜覆盖堆体较自然地表提高了土壤温度,阻碍了降水对土壤水分的补充,并造成堆放后土壤吸持水能力降低。遮阳网覆盖的草皮块返青覆盖度显著高于穿孔膜覆盖的返青覆盖度,堆放期日平均土壤温度>0 ℃的堆放日数与草皮块返青覆盖度的线性拟合较好。工程建设中应尽量缩短堆放时长,采用透水透气类覆盖材料,增加土壤与空气热量交换,以维持更长的冻结期,并适时补充水分,提高草皮块铺植的恢复成效。     

The effects of trophic interactions and spatial competition on algal community composition on Hawaiian coral reefs

Much of coral reef ecology has focused on how human impacts change coral reefs to macroalgal reefs. However, macroalgae may not always be a good indicator of reef decline, especially on reefs with significant sea urchin populations, as found in Kenya and Hawaii. This study tests the effects of trophic interactions (i.e. herbivory by fishes and sea urchins) and spatial competition (between algae and coral) on algal community structure of reefs surrounding two Hawaiian Islands that vary in their level of human impacts. Reef‐building organisms (corals and crustose coralline algae) were less abundant and turf algae were more abundant on Maui as compared to Lanai, where human impacts are lower. In contrast to previous studies, we found no evidence that macroalgae increased with human impacts. Instead, low turf and macroalgal abundance were best explained by the interactive effects of coral cover and sea urchin abundance. Fishing sea urchin predators appeared to have cascading effects on the benthic community. The absence of sea urchin predators and high sea urchin densities correspond to a disproportionately high abundance of turf and crustose coralline algae. We propose that high turf algal abundance is a better indicator of reef decline in Hawaii than high macroalgal abundance because turf abundance was highest on reefs with low coral cover and few fish. The results of this study emphasize that understanding changes in community composition are context‐dependent and that not all degraded reefs look the same.     

Macroalgal turfs in the Azores

Studies on macroalgal communities of the Azores report algal turfs as one of the most conspicuous ecological entities occurring on the rocky shores of these islands. The present study investigates the influence of shore height and substratum on turf composition. Data were analysed using the software PRIMER and results confirmed the previous distinction between calcareous, dominated by articulated coralline algae, and non-calcareous turfs, characterized mainly by small red algae. However, no differences in species composition were found in either type of turf occurring on different substrata or at different shore levels.     

Resistance to shallow landslide failure through root-derived cohesion in east coast hill country soils,North Island,New Zealand

Measured shear strength (cohesion and friction) of airfall-derived east coast hill country regolith is insufficient for the maintenance of existing regolith depth/slope angle relationships in the catchment of Lake Waikopiro in northern Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. If these regoliths are attributed with an additional increment of cohesion derived mechanically from a turf mat membrane, existing depth/slope angle distributions are explicable. Sites where failure has occurred have been measured, and back-analysis used to derive a range of values for additional mechanical cohesion. Values are in the range 0·2–7·6 kPa, consistent with earlier findings. This range is narrowed further, to 0·7–6·9 kPa, with assumptions regarding soil moisture status at failure. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

圆形巷道围岩层裂或板裂化的等效连续介质模型及侧压系数的影响

为了避免均质和非均质模型不能较好地模拟围岩的层裂或板裂化现象,将岩石视为等效连续介质,即颗粒体材料。颗粒被视为弹性材料,而颗粒之间的界面破坏后被视为摩尔-库仑材料。颗粒和界面均被离散为正方形单元。采用FLAC研究了不同侧压系数时圆形巷道围岩中的剪切应变增量、最小、最大主应力等的分布规律。研究发现,颗粒体材料模型在压应力作用下诱发出的拉应力值接近于在模型边界上所施加的最大压应力,而最大压应力是所施加的最大压应力的数倍。这些结果意味着均质和非均质模型的计算结果是偏于不安全的。另外,最小主应力和剪切应变增量的等值线图均显示,这些量的高值区的距离大致相等,这与V形岩爆坑内的板裂化现象类似。围岩层裂现象的原因是环向的高压应力和径向的高拉应力的共同作用的结果。     

鼠害在若尔盖草原沙漠化进程中的作用与机理

若尔盖草原是中国高寒湿润地区发生大面积沙漠化的典型案例,其沙漠化的成因及发展趋势一直受到极大关注。通过野外考察、遥感卫星影像解译等,着重探讨了鼠害在若尔盖草原沙漠化的形成和发展过程中的作用。结果表明：旱獭洞的分布与丘陵沙丘在坡度和坡向上有高度的相似性。地表致密草皮层发生机械性破坏,致使下伏松散沙暴露是若尔盖草原沙漠化的关键一步。旱獭洞的坍塌在草皮层的破坏过程中起到了至关重要的作用。草皮层破坏后,下伏松散沙被侵蚀,引起草皮层坍塌,导致古沙丘活化,形成流动沙丘。在此过程中,自然因素如风、降水、冻融、重力,人为因素如过牧、牲畜活动,都起到了不同的作用。小型鼠类如高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔的严重鼠害区可以形成轻度沙漠化。     

开挖型黄土边坡剥落侵蚀作用及变形破坏研究

人工开挖是黄土地质灾害最积极的诱发因素之一。为揭示非大型工程未经支护的开挖型黄土边坡在卸荷、剥落、侵蚀作用下边坡的变形破坏特征及其对边坡稳定性的影响,通过野外调查、原位微型贯入测试、室内试验等方法,对陕西省延安地区23处开挖型黄土边坡进行研究。结果表明,边坡卸荷剥落层厚度与边坡开挖年龄呈线性正相关关系,现场贯入阻力值与边坡开挖年龄呈负幂相关关系,浅层土体化学侵蚀现象较深层土体强烈。开挖型黄土边坡的变形破坏模式主要为滑移式崩塌和蠕滑-拉裂式浅层滑坡,崩塌的破坏演化过程主要为"侵蚀剥落-内凹-张裂-滑移",滑坡的破坏演化过程主要为"蠕滑-拉裂-贯通-滑脱"。