The Western European PSSA—Testing a unique international concept to protect imperilled marine ecosystems

Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) are a tool designed to protect vulnerable marine areas from vessel-source pollution through measures approved by the governing body, the International Maritime Organisation. Recent developments triggered by the proposal to designate, amongst others, a large part of the Western European Atlantic a PSSA have brought the instrument to a decisive stage. Although the proposal appears to be lawful, its implications for the concept, which this paper seeks to assess, are questionable. The significance of the instrument is at risk if it is overused. As a consequence, new protective mechanisms should be contemplated.     

Time domain modelling of the transient asymmetric flooding of Ro-Ro ships

This work aims at contributing to improve knowledge on transient asymmetric flooding through theoretical and experimental research. First, a time domain theoretical model of ship motions and flooding is described. Results from experimental work are presented evidencing that transient asymmetric flooding may cause the capsizing of a Ro-Ro shaped barge. The theoretical model is used to predict the capsize of the Ro-Ro shaped barge. Reasonable agreement between experimental and theoretical results was found. Finally, a review of the European Gateway accident is given and the theoretical model is applied to the study of this type of accident. The conclusion is that this theoretical model, together with an accurate modelling of the flooding of machinery compartments, reproduces successfully the capsizing of the European Gateway due to transient asymmetric flooding. Therefore, the internal arrangement of Ro-Ro ships should be carefully studied at the design stage in order to avoid this phenomenon.     

基于GIS的城市交通网络要素可视化表达方法研究

城市交通网络要素的可视化表达是GIS—T研究和应用领域中的一个难题,本文在对目前流行的交通网络数据模型进行系统研究的基础上,选择了动态分段技术下的结点-弧段模型,对交通网络复杂要素进行可视化表达,并对城市交通网络要素的可视化表达方法和形式进行了分析,最后结合交通网络复杂要素的可视化表达,设计和创建了具体的数据结构表和数据结构图。     

Trends In U.S. Hazardous Materials Transportation Spills

This paper examines historical and spatial trends in hazardous materials transportation spills from 1971 to 1991. While the number of spills Inc.reased steadily during the 1970s, peaking in 1978–1979, there has been a decline in frequency sInc.e then largely due to modifications in reporting. Monetary damages have the opposite temporal pattern, with major Inc.reases recorded from 1982 onward. Death and injury statistics are more variable. Spatially, accidents are more prevalent in the Rust Belt extending from the Northeast corridor westward to the Great Lakes states, as well as in the Southeast. The greatest potential risk to the public is found in smaller, more densely populated industrial states such as New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. The spatial distribution, however, has not changed. Potential risk sources (e.g., chemical industry, number of hazardous waste facilities, number of railroad miles) are the best predictors of hazmat Inc.ident frequency. Mitigation efforts (statewide regulatory and/or management policies) also help explain the variability in hazmat Inc.idents.     

海洋交通风险应急决策系统设计与实现

针对海洋交通风险事故的特点,采用基于分层推理思想设计了海洋交通风险应急决策处理模型。在模型中提出了以行为和状态为核心的知识规则描述方法。以该模型为基础给出了系统的设计与实现。通过将海洋交通风险事故分解为事务级、情况级和执行级三级处理,使系统能综合应用海洋交通事务各种信息进行有效决策,提高了海洋交通事务风险控制能力。系统的实现对于促进海洋交通风险控制的智能化水平,深化海事管理信息化平台建设具有现实意义。     

层状地基中空沟对交通荷载的竖向隔振分析

空沟是一种常用的连续隔振屏障,可以有效地降低人工振动。以位移为变量的二维格子法在波动问题计算中具有良好的适应性、高效性,兼备有限元与差分法的一些优点,应用该法针对层状地基中作用于路堤上的交通荷载引起振动的空沟竖向隔振问题进行了参数研究,分别考虑了上软下硬地基和上硬下软地基两种情况。研究结果表明：空沟宽度对隔振效果的影响较小;空沟深度与空沟的位置是影响隔振效果的关键因素,它们相互关联,其取值应综合考虑;在上述两类层状地基中,若空沟深度与上层土的厚度接近或相等均对竖向隔振不利;路堤高度越大对竖向隔振效果越不利。     

基于IP地址聚类的网络异常流量分析

异常流量在目的地址与出现时间上的分布均与正常流量有很大区别。文中对校园网的出口流量进行分析实验,将其NetFlow记录按校外IP地址的前16位聚类,得到的部分网段在出入流量中的出现频度有明显特点。分析2种典型网段,研究由此发现校园网内的异常流量源的方法,并对2种异常流量源的区别进行了分析。此方法与常用的异常检测方法相比,所需处理的数据量大为减少,大大提高了检测效率。     

Study of the train-induced vibration impact on a historic Bell Tower above two spatially overlapping metro lines

There is concern regarding the long-term vibration effects caused by metro trains on historic buildings. In this paper, the impact of metro train-induced vibrations on the Bell Tower in Xi’an above two spatially overlapping tunnels was studied.Metro Line 2 has been operational since 2011, and Line 6 is still under construction. To study and control the effect of micro vibrations on the Bell Tower, a metro train–track–tunnel–soil 3D dynamic FE model was developed. The vibration response generated by Line 2 was then predicted, and the influences of train speed on ground vibration were analysed. In addition, a detailed in situ measurement, which helped calibrate the numerical model and determine the dynamic behaviour of timber structures, was performed. Finally, the calibrated models and measured results were used to predict vibrations caused by road traffic and trains from two spatially overlapping metro lines. This was performed under different route schemes and train operation conditions.The results showed that installing steel spring floating slab tracks (FST) and decreasing train speeds had obvious effects on controlling the ground peak particle velocity (PPV). Simulated results from both the input impulse and output response generated by metro Line 2 matched well with actual measurements. If correct designs are employed, it is possible to resolve the vibration problem on historic buildings caused by metro trains.     

换道概率对交通系统动能的影响

基于跟车模型的特点,提出了跟车模型的动能变化公式,利用该公式研究换道概率对各车辆动能的影响.数值实验结果表明,换道概率和相对速度对各车辆动能产生较大影响,但换道概率和相对速度会分别降低其动能变化频率和幅度.此外,系统增加的平均动能会随着系统最大换道概率的增加而降低.