The Role of Aga Khan Rural Support Programme in Rural Development in the Karakorum, Hindu Kush ＆ Himalayan Region： Examples from the Northern Mountainous Belt of Pakistan

Pakistan is predominantly a mountainous country where rural development activities are characterised by inconsistency, politically motivated short-term projects without proper feedback. Since the inception of the country, the top-down approach has been followed, and the same development plans that were formulated for the plain areas have been extended to the mountains without any modification. In doing so, neither the participation of the local communities was cared for, nor the mountain specificities were considered in the planning process. Moreover, the representation of the local inhabitants was improper and contradictory to the facts. This biased approach has been one of the main causes for the failure of development projects carried out by different agencies of the Government. Contrary to the perception of the state authorities, the mountain communities proved to be more open to accept new approaches and demonstrated the capacity and capability of being a dependable development partner. In this paper, a detailed account of the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme （AKRSP） has been presented to assess and evaluate the approach followed by this non-governmental organisation （NGO）, and the response of the local inhabitants as collaborators in the development process. The achievements of the AKRSP from project planning, implementation and monitoring can be adopted as a model for rural development not only in the plains, but also in the mountainous areas of the developing countries in the world.     

松辽盆地中生代沉积基准面变化研究

利用地质资料研究来恢复沉积基准面变化。首先根据沉积物的分布规律、沉积构造、古生物组合及古生态、自生矿物和波基面等特征来获得古水深,然后利用对地层做脱水压实校正获得沉积物原始厚度。对湖盆地区古水深和沉积物原始厚度累加起来就可得到沉积基准面变化曲线。沉积基准面变化曲线为在松辽盆地中进行地层对比提供了依据。     

Sedimentary Features of Shallow Ancient River Channels on the Northern Shelf of the South China Sea

Quaternary buried ancient river channels are widespread in the shallow-level sediments of the northern shelf of the South China Sea. The sedimentary sequence mainly of fluvial deposits comprise an important component part of the low-stand system tract and transgressive system tract in the study region. The plannar variation and spatial association of the sedimentary features such as incised valley fillings, deltaic foreset wedges and block slides of shelf-marginal fans reflect the palaeogeographic environment during the fall of the regional sea level in the northern part of the South China Sea. Based on the high-resolution seismic reflection data and gelogical data from boreholes, the present paper makes an integrated interpretation of the Quaternary ancient river channels in the shallow sediments of the study area, studies the sedimentary features of the ancient channels such as their spatial distribution, seismic facies reflection indicators, sedimentary facies and sand -body types, and discusses thei     

MODERNIZATION PROCESS IN HISTORICAL ASIAN CITIES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SEOUL, TOKYO AND BEIJING

Thspaperwaspresatedatthe"94SeoulIntemationalSyInPosiumonCityandffistory"heldonOCtober27to28,l994andthenpublishedinTheJoumaIofSeouIShndesVo.IV.Thepresentvisionhasbeenslighlyrevised.Bejing,SeoulandTokyoarecapitalsofthreeneighbouringcoUnnesinNortheastAsia,wh…     

Catastrophic debris flows near Machu Picchu village (Aguas Calientes), Peru

Slope movements together with intensive river erosion and the following accumulation are the leading processes in the landscape evolution in the area of Machu Picchu village (former Aguas Calientes), which is located close to the Machu Picchu Sanctuary. Debris flows affect not only the bottoms of valleys or canyons, but also debris fans at the termini of the drainage basins, which are heavily inhabited at some places. The most recent event in the Machu Picchu village occurred in April 2004, but several others were documented in a broader area in the last 50 years. The field inspections at Machu Picchu (May and September 2004; June and September 2005) together with oral testimony revealed the nature and behavior of the debris flow. Machu Picchu village can be assessed as a zone with high landslide risk in relation to its urban development. Despite that, the village recorded a rapid growth (threefold population increase) without urban control within the past two decades. Precipitation, which is the main triggering factor of the debris flows, and natural hazard management of the Machu Picchu village are discussed in this paper.     

内蒙古巴特敖包地区早古生代洋壳消减的岩石证据

内蒙古白云鄂博北部巴特敖包、查干呼绍一带分布着一系列岛弧型侵入岩,其岩石地球化学特征与典型的埃达克岩(adakite)一致:SiO2 多≥56 %,Al2O3 >15 %,MgO<3 %(很少大于 6 %),Yb(0.726 ~ 2.789)×10-6,La/Yb>10 ~ 20,Y(6.842 ~ 28.734)×10-6,Sr>400×10-6,Sr/Y≥20 ~ 40;Mg#值在0.51 ~ 0.58之间,多大于0.40;稀土元素分析,显示为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损型,具正铕异常或微弱负铕异常;微量元素蛛网图中具明显的Sr峰和Nb、Ti低谷。9组锆石 U Pb同位素年龄值(206 Pb/238 U)范围在 345.06 ~ 552.671 Ma间,反映了本区大洋板块消减事件的年龄。构造环境判别证明它们是在岛弧环境下形成,为早古生代期间南蒙古洋板块向宝音图微陆块发生强烈斜向俯冲(oblique subduction),古洋壳板块发生部分熔融、消减而形成的产物。     

春秋时期吴国都城遗迹位置的遥感调查及预测

利用遥感技术对苏州及太湖地区做了大面积的地学调查与分析,并在进一步研究了史料和前人工作成果后,进行了春秋吴国都城遗迹位置的遥感调查及预测,它将为考古界进一步有计划地探查和发掘提供参考。     

卫星遥感探讨杭州湾跨湖桥古文化消失原因

 8000 a前产生于杭州湾南部的跨湖桥史前灿烂文化，在辉煌了1000多a后，却神秘地消失了。针对这种消失，考古界还没有发 现确凿的原因。本文从卫星遥感角度，分析跨湖桥所处的地理、地貌特征，提出了钱塘江天文大潮冲毁跨湖桥文化的假说，希望这种 观点能够对跨湖桥这个难以用常规考古方法解决的史前文化消失问题提供一种有益的研究方法和思路。     

古炭屑与古森林火?

森林火普遍发生在地质历史时期中，它对自然植被系统的演替起着重要作用。不同强度和频率的森林火培育出不同类型的植被：频繁的森林火导致草甸的形成，而热带雨林形成的原因之一是森林火的缺乏。古炭屑作为古森林火的遗迹，具有分布广泛、细胞结构保存完好以及原地埋藏等特点，为研究古森林火发生的强度和频率提供了宝贵的材料。古炭屑的出现与当时的气候因素、植被类型和地理状况有密切关系：干旱、少雨的气候常常伴随高频率森林火的发生，表现出古炭屑的数量增多；易燃物种组成的植被易发生森林火，古炭屑的出现也会增多，而耐火树种会降低森林火的强度，古炭屑则出现少。因此，从古炭屑的数量和种类的变化，可探讨古森林火的发生规律，进而推断长期地质历史时期的气候、植被、地理状况的演变。     

云南银(铅)-锌矿开发史料与找矿探讨

云南是银铅锌矿开发较早的省份之一，史料丰富。本文从史料的角度，阐述了与云南古代有关银（铅）－锌矿的开发概况，基本特点以及如何保护，继承这份丰富的历史遗产，进而对目前有关史料的研究和古代采矿遗址清理情况进行分析，提出今后找矿的一些想法。