地理信息产业扩张阶段及应用分析

根据产业经济学的观点,提出我国地理信息产业目前处于产业扩张阶段的观点,推动产业规模迅速扩大成为行业发展的主要目标。由于派生性特点,寻求地理信息的本源性需求是产业完成扩张的关键问题,利用地理信息反映的价格信息支持社会公众经济博弈活动将是地理信息巨大的本源性需求。本文建议在产业扩张阶段应当瞄准社会公众、探索对公众生活进行博弈支持的服务方式。     

Potential food deserts and food oases in a post-communist city: Access,quality, variability and price of food in Bratislava-Petržalka

Delimitation tools and definitions of food deserts have not been internationally unified so far. Such comprehension ambiguity may lead to variability in research methods as well as to terminology mismatch in the research. In general, assessment of accessibility of selected (large-scale) food stores network in a region is considered as a suitable tool to identify the food deserts, but this is certainly not the only approach. In our paper some other approaches (such as measuring quality, variability and food price) are assessed together with supermarkets and hypermarkets accessibility examination. Results gained by analyses based on various methodological approaches are then compared and confronted, which simultaneously allows us to compare the individual approaches. For our case study purposes, the largest housing estate in Slovakia's capital city was selected.     

Local Spatiotemporal Modeling of House Prices: A Mixed Model Approach

The real estate market has long provided an active application area for spatial–temporal modeling and analysis and it is well known that house prices tend to be not only spatially but also temporally correlated. In the spatial dimension, nearby properties tend to have similar values because they share similar characteristics, but house prices tend to vary over space due to differences in these characteristics. In the temporal dimension, current house prices tend to be based on property values from previous years and in the spatial–temporal dimension, the properties on which current prices are based tend to be in close spatial proximity. To date, however, most research on house prices has adopted either a spatial perspective or a temporal one; relatively little effort has been devoted to situations where both spatial and temporal effects coexist. Using ten years of house price data in Fife, Scotland (2003–2012), this research applies a mixed model approach, semiparametric geographically weighted regression (GWR), to explore, model, and analyze the spatiotemporal variations in the relationships between house prices and associated determinants. The study demonstrates that the mixed modeling technique provides better results than standard approaches to predicting house prices by accounting for spatiotemporal relationships at both global and local scales.     

面向离散点的空间权重矩阵生成算法与实证研究

采用阈值法和k-近邻法度量空间上离散点间的空间邻接关系,针对不同的距离计算方式(欧式距离和曼哈顿距离)设计了面向离散点的空间权重矩阵生成算法,使用C#语言在计算机上实现。用该算法对收集的8 367个常州市地价样点构建了不同土地用途地价样点的空间权重矩阵,并计算出分用途的常州市城市地价空间自相关指数。     

上海地价动态更新体系建立研究

土地价格管理是土地市场管理的一项重要内容,建立完善的地价管理体系对于加强土地市场的科学管理具有重要意义。本文在借鉴国内外城市地价管理经验的基础上,结合上海地价管理工作实际,提出建立以基准地价、区段地价、标定地价、地价指数为核心的上海地价动态更新体系,并从整体关联性、时空有序性、修正体系相关性等方面深入分析了各地价之间的相互联系;提出以统一的管理信息平台、统一工作底图、统一的技术要求作为系统建设的技术支撑,以＂逐级推进、滚动更新＂的方式实现各地价的动态有序更新。指出了地价动态更新体系在公示、决策、预警方面的应用前景。     

Economic dimension of the collapse of the ‘false cod’ Epinephelus aeneus in a context of ineffective management of the small-scale fisheries in Senegal

Small-scale fisheries are often seen as a solution for ensuring sustainability in marine exploitation. They are viewed as a suitable alternative to industrial fisheries, particularly when considering their social and economic importance in developing countries. Here, we show that the booming small-scale fishery sector in Senegal, in the context of increasing foreign demand, has induced the collapse of one of the most emblematic West African marine fish species, a large grouper Epinephelus aeneus, historically called ‘false cod’ by European fishers. The overexploitation of this species appears to be on account of the increasing effort sustained by a growing international demand and important subsidies, which resulted in a relative stability of the average economic yield per fishing trip and an incentive for continuing targeting this species to almost extinction. It is a critical time for addressing and mitigating the pressure of the small-scale fisheries to prevent declines of fish species that are highly valued by northern markets. A balance between conservation and exploitation is necessary to maintain ecological viability while considering the socio-economic importance of the small-scale fisheries. However, a new strategy is needed for conservation that will consider and articulate simultaneously the concerns regarding unmanaged and growing small-scale fisheries, rampant subsidies and increasing foreign demand.     

黄河下游引黄灌区水价与水资源调控*

40多年来,我国水利建设取得了巨大成就,但是,在以往的计划经济条件下,水利事业普遍存在着“重建轻管”的问题,延续至今,尚未妥善解决,从而导致一些地区水资源的极度浪费及出现不良的环境后效。水资源管理是水资源合理开发利用的基本保证,它涉及到政策、法律、体制、经济及现代科学技术,是一个跨部门、跨学科的系统工程。目前,我国在水资源管理中最突出的问题是尚未完全纳入市场经济的轨道,水价远低于供水成本,不能发挥水费征收的经济杠杆作用,遏制水资源的浪费及合理地调控地表水与地下水资源,同时,偏低的水价也使供水部门缺乏足够的资金进行工程运营与维修,造成工程老化,降低供水效率^[1].黄河下游灌区,位于豫鲁两省境内,灌溉面积约2800万亩(186.6×10⁴hm²),多年平均引水量在100×10⁸m³左右,该灌区自50年代末引黄灌溉以来,上述问题表现尤为突出。随着黄河上、中游地区的发展,用水量增加,使黄河下游灌区的用水矛盾越来越突出。此文试图以此为典型,分析供水成本的构成、现行水价确定中存在的问题及其对水资源调控的影响,供水价问题的深入研究及水价政策的制定参考。     

呼和浩特市征地区片综合地价研究

土地征用补偿问题已成为我国土地管理和社会关注的热点问题。制定征地区片综合地价、“按价征地”是今后征地补偿制度改革的方向。本文通过对国内外征地价格研究进展的分析,应用征地区片综合地价测算原理,结合我国农用地的价格构成,采用定性和定量相结合的方法,探讨了征地区片综合地价应由农用地质量价格、社会保障价格、社会稳定价格和生态价格四部分组成。探索征地区片划分和征地区片价测算的方法。本文确定的呼和浩特市征地区片及其综合地价,空间上基本呈现出以呼和浩特市商业中心——民族商场为基点,随距离的增加,征地区片等级和征地区片综合地价依次降低的规律,且空间变化区域差异明显,符合屠能的农业区位论中“随距市场距离的增加,地租收入降低”的规律。将征地区片综合地价测算结果与现有征地补偿标准以及周边市、旗(县)征地补偿做比较分析,验证了征地区片综合地价评估方法的合理性。该研究成果可直接服务于呼和浩特市征地实施过程,为呼和浩特市农村土地市场的完善提供重要依据。     

中国主要城市地价重心迁移及驱动因素研究

城市地价直接影响着城市的房地产市场和城市土地开发利用,从而影响城市的经济社会发展,及时掌握城市地价的发展规律,根据城市地价及时调整制定相关政策,是政府对土地市场进行调控的关键。利用重心模型,在测算和分析2000-2012年49个主要城市的综合地价重心位置及其变化规律的基础上,探讨了驱动中国城市地价重心迁移的因素。结果显示,中国主要城市地价重心始终位于区域几何中心的东南方向,但东西方向上的差异逐渐缩小,南北方向上的差异则逐渐扩大,地价重心迁移轨迹可以分为3个阶段和1个突变年。城市规模、经济发展水平、基础设施和城市区位等因素驱动着城市地价重心的迁移。     

Modeling dynamic assessment of ecosystem services based on remote sensing technology: A sampling of the Gansu grassland ecosystem

The ecosystem is important because it is the life sustaining system for human survival.Three ecosystem characteristics are:regional particularities,ecosystem complexity and conventional cultural particularities.This paper develops a remote sensing based dynamic model to assess grassland ecosystem service values involving multidisciplinary knowledge.The ecological value of grassland ecosystems is focused on using a remote sensing technique in the model,and setting up the framework for a dynamic assessing model.The grassland ecological services condition and value in 1985 is used as the benchmark.The dynamic model has two adjusting indicators:biomass and price index.The biomass is simulated using the CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach) model.The price index was obtained from statistics data published by the statistical bureau.Results show that the grassland ecosystem value in Gansu Province was 28.36 billion Chinese Yuan in 1985,140.37 billion in 1999 and 130.86 billion in 2002.