BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Women, Work, and Ideology in the Third World . Haleh Afshar, ed. The Birth of the National Park Service. The Founding Years 1913–33 . Horace M. Albright Theatres of Accumulation: Studies in Asian and Latin American Urbanization . Warwick Armstrong and T.G. McGee. New Tools for Social Scientists, Advances and Applications in Research Methods . William D. Berry and Michael S. Lewis -Beck , eds . Uncertain Dimensions: Western Overseas Empires in the Twentieth Century . Raymond F. Betts. Geography of Sugar Cane . Helmut Blume. The Mines of Neptune: Minerals and Metals from the Sea . Elisabeth Mann Borgese. Geographical Dimensions of Energy . F.J. Calzonetti and B.D. Solomon, eds. Statistical Methods for Geographers . W. A. V. Clark and P. L. Hosking. In The Wake of Columbus, Islands and Controversy . John DeVorsey, Jr., and John Parker, eds. Housing, States and Localities . Peter Dickens, Simon Duncan, Mark Goodwin and Fred Gray. Physician Location and Specialty Choice . Richard L. Ernst and Donald E. Yett. Practical Ecology for Geography and Biology: Survey, Mapping, and Data Analysis . D.D. Gilbertson , M. Kent and F.B. Pyatt Large Scale Water Transfers: Emerging Environmental and Social Experiences . Genady N. Golubev and Asit K. Biswas, eds. The Nature of the Environment . Andrew Goudie. Planning for Population Change . W.T.S. Gould and R. Lawton. The Niger and its Neighbors: Environmental History and Hydrobiology. Human Use and Health Hazards of the Major West African Rivers . A.T. Grove, ed. Remote Sensing of Ice and Snow . Dorothy K. Hall and Jaroslav Martinec. Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture . Sam Bowers Hilliard. Galilee Divided; The Israel-Lebanon Frontier, 1916-1984 . Frederic C. Hor . Plains Country Towns . John C. Hudson. Agricultural Geography: A Social and Economic Analysis . Brian W. Ilbery. Industry in the 1980s: Structural Change and Interdependence . U.N. Industrial Development Organization. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States . Kenneth T. Jackson. The Industrial Geography of Italy . Russell King. Studies in Linguistic Geography: The Dialects of English in Britain and Ireland . John M. Kirk, Stewart Sanderson, J.D.A. Widdowson, eds. Tourism: A Community Approach . Peter E. Murphy. Cities and Services: The Geography of Collective Consumption . Steven Pinch. An Historical Geography of Europe 1800–1914 . Norman J. G. Pounds. An Introduction to Human Ecology Research on Agricultural Systems in Southeast Asia . A. Terry Rambo and Percy E. Sajise, eds. Discovering Past Landscapes . Michael Reed, ed. Managing the Ocean: Resources, Research, Law . Jacques G. Richardson, ed. Carta fitosociologica de la transecta botanica de la Patagonia Austral . F.A. Roig , Juan Anchorema , Orlando Dollenz , A.M. Faggi and Eduardo Mandez Intermetropolitan Migration in Canada: Changing Determinants over Three Decades . R. Paul Shaw. Chinese Cities—The Growth of the Metropolis since 1949 . Victor F. Sit, ed. Urbanization in the World-Economy . Michael Timberlake, ed. The Al Business: Commercial Uses of Artificial Intelligence . Patrick H. Winston and Karen A. Prendergast, eds.     

关于“胡焕庸线能否突破”的学术争鸣

著名地理学家胡焕庸先生于1935年提出中国人口地理的重要分界线（简称“胡焕庸线”）,被广泛认可和引用,是中国地理学发展的重要成果。2014年底,李克强总理参观人居科学研究展时,高度关注胡焕庸线,并提出了胡焕庸线能否突破的问题。胡焕庸线因而再度引起争论和热议。据此,组织了一些地理学者围绕该问题进行学术讨论,力图从不同层面展现学者们对胡焕庸线的理解与反思,从而深化胡焕庸线的科学价值和现实意义,进而指导中国新型城镇化战略的实施和区域实践。     

泰山地区第四纪冰川探讨

简述了泰山地区的地质背景概况,对比分析了国内外学者的研究成果、理论及分歧原因,实地考察了泰山地区角峰、刃脊等冰川地貌,并取样品进行热释光年龄分析显示其年代为(30.54±2.59)kaB.P.,相当于末次冰期主冰期中的Paudorf-Stillfried间冰阶时段。并从地貌特征与遥感数字2个方面分析研究,发现了一些冰川遗迹的信息,为泰山地区第四纪冰川研究提供了一定的佐证。     

阿尔奇(Archie)公式：提出背景与早期争论

根据关于岩石电学的早期资料，介绍了阿尔奇公式的提出背景和当时身处学术界和测井界的研究者和工程师们围绕阿尔奇公式所展开的一系列研究和论战.回顾与分析证明：围绕阿尔奇公式所进行的早期论战在于地层因子F及指数m和n.具体的论战焦点有四个：（1）地层因子的表达式F=1/m是否合适；（2）m和n是否具有物理内涵；（3）m和n的值到底是常数还是变数；（4）m和n与岩石的内部结构是否有关.在经过近20年的研究和论争后，即在1960年左右发现指数m和n与岩石的结构、构造以及孔隙流体的饱和度和流体替换的历史有关.此外，还发现岩石的湿润性和超毛细管孔隙度对岩石的电阻率也有很大的影响.虽然阿尔奇公式影响深远而且在岩石物理学和石油测井的发展中具有划时代的意义和里程碑式的作用，但是没有考虑泥质、淡水、低孔隙、非均匀几何参数分布（孔隙度、曲折度）、非均匀饱和度分布、各向异性以及参数a和b对岩石电阻率的贡献和隐藏在这些参数和因素后面的物理机制.因此，在应用阿尔奇公式时必须注意有关的应用条件.此外，根据完全水饱和公式ρ0=FρW=aρW/m和部分水饱和公式ρt=Iρ0=bρ0S-nW来研究F、I、a、b以及m和n与岩石的内部结构、孔隙分布以及孔隙流体和岩石颗粒之间的物理及化学相互作用的关系具有反问题的特点.所以，围绕阿尔奇公式的研究和争论将有可能会伴随着时代的进步和科学技术的发展一直进行下去.     

The Delhi Bias: knowledge hegemony of India's slum governance

Slum eradication has been a concern in South Asian cities since the colonial times. Legislation and policies are being framed both out of national desires and international strategies. However, very little is being studied on how these legislation and policies come into being, specifically geography's influence in their formulation. The article analyses parliamentary debates from India (Rajya Sabha, 1953–2014), and outlines the process of historical, political, and institutional dominance of Delhi. It shows that the slum legislation and policies in India are formulated by abstracting cases from the Delhi slums. This knowledge hegemony of Delhi is discussed within the growing consideration towards urban theory's southern shift, which puts the Southern cities (megacities) as underdogs. The paper argues that at a regional level, these megacities exert the same hegemony that the southern theory wants to avoid. The results argue towards broadening the southern theory and ordinary city discussions.     

At the base of Hubbert’s Peak: Grounding the debate on petroleum scarcity

M. King Hubbert’s 1956 prediction of a ‘peak’ in US oil production has spurred a durable and divisive debate on the exhaustion of the petroleum resource. Pitting physical against economic explanations of resource scarcity, the peak oil debate has seemingly sunk into the well-worn grooves of a long history of scarcity debates. Yet, as this paper argues, this ‘stale dichotomy’ can partly be attributed to a severance from the contexts and ideas that informed Hubbert’s mathematical calculations. Specifically, this paper examines the broader influences on the peak oil model: Hubbert’s career in the newly formed field of geophysics; his personal concern with the relationship between energy and population growth; and his ties to Technocracy, Inc., a social movement originating in the US that aimed to replace political and business control with a group of specialist engineers and technicians. The paper further emphasizes the importance of institutional and political interests to the arguments launched against Hubbert, and in motivating change in this opposition over time. Last, it makes the case that the contemporary de-contextualization of Hubbert’s model has contributed towards a narrow focus of discussions within the oil industry and in certain governments on predicting the timing of a global peak, without addressing the wider questions implied by Hubbert’s model.     

泰山地区第四纪冰川探讨

简述了泰山地区的地质背景概况,对比分析了国内外学者的研究成果、理论及分歧原因,实地考察了泰山地区角峰、刃脊等冰川地貌,并取样品进行热释光年龄分析显示其年代为（30.54±2.59）kaB.P.,相当于末次冰期主冰期中的Paudorf-Stillfried间冰阶时段。并从地貌特征与遥感数字2个方面分析研究,发现了一些冰川遗迹的信息,为泰山地区第四纪冰川研究提供了一定的佐证。     

全球气候变暖原因的争议

综合分析了政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)与非政府间国际气候变化专门委员会(NIPCC)针锋相对的观点:是人类活动还是自然因素主导了过去近百年的气候变化.指出20世纪中期以来温度变化的事实支持人类活动影响的观点,但是在近百年中自然因素如太阳活动、火山活动或大洋热盐环流的变化,对温度的年代际变化有重要影响.有充分的古...     

对气候变暖问题争议的分析

综合评述和分析了近年来关于全球气候变暖问题的研究。重点是有关气候变暖的一些争议。目前的结论是:(1)19世纪中期以来全球平均地表气温上升了0.4～0.8℃;(2)全球气候变暖的论断得到了海洋温度、大气温度、钻孔温度、陆地雪盖、海冰及冰川资料的支持;(3)1998年是近一个半世纪有观测资料以来最暖的一年,对1961～1990年平均的距平为0.55℃。20世纪变暖的趋势为0.066℃/10a;(4)1990′s是20世纪最暖的10年,平均气温距平0.35℃,也可能是500a或者甚至1000a来最暖的10年。所以,20世纪气候的变暖是无可怀疑的。人类活动影响很可能是20世纪气候变暖的主要原因,至少是主要原因之一。