盱眙、明光、临泽坡缕石的八面体阳离子占位及对其性能的影响

坡缕石是一种21型链层状结构含水富镁铝硅酸盐矿物,具有重要的资源和材料属性。不同成因、产状坡缕石八面体中类质同象替代有很大差别,而八面体类质同象替代对坡缕石性能的影响未见研究报道。本文以中国最具代表性的安徽明光、江苏盱眙、甘肃临泽坡缕石为研究对象,研究了三种坡缕石的Al、Mg、Fe含量及在八面体中的占位,并探讨了八面体的Al、Mg、Fe占位对坡缕石中水的种类和含量、表面电位和酸位以及对Pb2+、Cd2+吸附性能的影响。结果表明：明光坡缕石相对富镁,八面体主要被Mg2+占据,具有三八面体特征;盱眙、临泽坡缕石相对富铝、铁,八面体主要被Al3+占据,表现出更多的二八面体特征。盱眙坡缕石由于M1位置空位较多,结构水含量较低;坡缕石类质同象替代对Zeta电位影响不大;具有二八面体特征的盱眙、临泽坡缕石由于八面体中Al含量较高,酸位较多,催化性能较好。在重金属吸附实验中,明光坡缕石对Cd2+的吸附效果最好,盱眙坡缕石对Pb2+的吸附效果最好,临泽坡缕石吸附性能较差。本文可为坡缕石的改性和应用提供指导和参考。     

低速十字路口交通流模型相图

研究由两个单车道构成低速十字路口交通流模型.模型中两车道上的车辆更新遵循无交通灯管制下的并行规则.依据构建相图的原则并采用局部占有概率方法,建立相图,给出相图中的各部分区域的流量表达式.两车道均采用周期边界条件和确定性FI模型进行数值模拟,模拟结果与理论分析精确一致.模型中两条车道的行车规则更接近实际道路交通,该结果为交通管理提供一定的指导作用.     

福建省南安市废弃矿山土地利用适宜性评价

通过对福建省南安市废弃矿山及周边环境进行野外实地调查,以资源环境承载能力和国土空间开发适宜性评价(简称"双评价")成果为基础,根据矿山开发占地类型对废弃矿山土地进行分类。挖损的土地根据"木桶原理"判别出短板因子并建立评价模型,压占的土地根据周边环境以"宜农则农、宜林则林、宜园则园、宜建则建"的原则再利用,分别评价南安市废弃矿山土地农业发展和城镇建设的适宜方向。评价结果表明:南安市宜作为城镇建设的废弃矿山图斑有513处,可利用土地面积14.95 km2;宜作为农业发展的废弃矿山图斑有451处,可利用土地面积15.17 km2,后期可根据政府规划投入使用。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: Boundary Control and Legal Priniciples . Curtis M. Brown , Walter G. Robillard and Donald A. Wilson . Lost Initiatives: Canada's Forest Industries, Forest Policy, and Forest Conservation . R. Peter Gillis and Thomas R. Roach . The Navajo Atlas: Resources, People, and History of the Dine Bikeyah . James M. Goodman . The City and the Sign . M. Gottdiener AND Alexandros Ph . Lagopoulos , EDS. The Comfortable House: North American Suburban Architecture 1890–1930 . Alan Gowans . Arabic-Islamic Cities. Building and Planning Principles . Besim Salim Hakim . Contemporary Climatology . Ann Henderson -Sellers and Peter J. Robinson . A Trace of Desert Waters . Samuel G. Houghton . Geography, Resources and Environment. Vol. 1: Selected Writings of Gilbert F. White. Vol. 2: Themes from the Work of Gilbert F. White . Robert W. Kates AND Ian Burton , ED. Spatial Dimensions of Unemployment and Underemployment (A Case Study of Rural Punjab) . Gopal Krishan . Maps of the Holy Land: Cartobibliography of Printed Maps, 1475–1900 . Compiled by Eran Laor , assisted by Shoshana Klein . The Geography of Third World Cities . Stella Lowder . A Perspective on U.S. Farm Problems and Agricultural Policy . Lance Mc Kinzie , Timothy G. Baker AND Wallace E. Tyner . Soil Erosion and Its Control. R.P.C . Morgan , ED Geopolitics . Patrick O'Sullivan . Landscape, Meanings and Values . Edmund C. Penning -Rowsell AND David Lowenthal , EDS.     

水电开发移民非农就业研究——以向家坝电站绥江县为例

针对水电开发中移民农业安置的困境,以及社会发展趋势,从农村劳动力转移理论和模型出发,着重对农村剩余劳动力＂开流断源＂的模型进行介绍,以向家坝电站绥江县为案例分析该库区非农就业的必然性和艰巨性。基于＂开流断源＂的模型对非农就业的几个方面进行思考,提出：（1）从人的生产与消费两面性,以及剩余劳动力的角度而言,移民安置需要考虑库区人口规模的控制,以及趋向于增加就业的人口结构调整;（2）特定区域背景和不同移民人群对于非农就业的预期目标不同,区域发展规划和劳务输出设计需要相应地做出反映;（3）政府的移民工作需要将教育和培训方面的服务纳入重点,以提高个体预期目标部门的非农就业概率;（4）从教育、培训、基础设施建设和社会保障制度等方面,政府可以为农村劳动力向非农化转移提供支持,并在移民安置中得到具体体现。     

Establishing the time of initial human occupation of Liang Bua, western Flores, Indonesia

Liang Bua, a limestone cave in western Flores, has an archaeological and faunal sequence known to span the last 95 ka and is the type-site for a small-bodied hominid species, Homo floresiensis. This paper describes the geomorphic history of this significant site, and presents numerical ages for key events as determined by thermoluminescence dating of sediments (using a dual-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol) and uranium-series dating of flowstones. Our age estimates indicate that Liang Bua existed as a subterranean chamber by 400 ka ago. It was subsequently exposed by the incision of the Wae Racang River, which invaded the cave around 190 ka and deposited an upward-fining sequence of water-rolled boulders and cobbles. The latter conglomerate was partially reworked around 130 ka ago and was capped by flowstones at 100 ka. The conglomerate also contains stone artefacts, which implies that the occupation of the surrounding area is at least as old as the time of emplacement of the conglomerate. After 190 ka, a complex sequence of erosion and deposition led to the accumulation of at least 11 m of sediment in the front chamber of the cave, which proved suitable for hominid occupation. Such geochronological and geomorphological information is extremely valuable for interpreting the archaeological record at Liang Bua and its wider significance.     

Two paleoecological histories spanning the period of human settlement in southeastern Brazil

The absence of human occupation sites in southeastern Brazil during the mid Holocene has been referred to as the 'Archaic Gap' (8970–1940 cal. a BP) and is predicted to have resulted from increased aridity. A ca. 14 000 cal. a pollen history from two well‐dated lake sediment cores located within the archeological district of Lagoa Santa, in the State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, was used to test this hypothesis. Our analyses indicated that the present cerrado and tropical semi‐deciduous forest mosaic persisted throughout the mid Holocene, until ca. 5500 cal. a BP, and the Lagoa Santa region did not experience especially dry conditions during the Holocene period. The early Holocene pollen spectra contained an assemblage of cold‐adapted taxa such as Podocarpus, Myrsine and Araucaria, co‐occurring with taxa from cerrado, e.g. Caryocar. A replacement of cold taxa by the modern cerrado–semi‐deciduous forest vegetation took place progressively, but appears to have been completed by the mid Holocene. No evidence of sustained drought was found in sedimentation or forest composition, nor any prolonged dry event in the study region. Holocene dryness as an explanation for the abandonment of Lagoa Santa region is not supported by the palynological analyses conducted in this study. Rather it is suggested that unpredictable climate may have underlain that abandonment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

泥河湾盆地吉家庄遗址地层易溶盐沉积记录的古气候信息

泥河湾盆地发育晚新生代河湖相沉积并记录了华北更新世人类活动历史。近年来的发现表明,作为盆地重要组成部分,蔚县盆地是解读中更新世古人类行为演化与环境适应的关键区域。吉家庄遗址地处蔚县盆地东部吉家庄-黄梅台地古人类活动集中区,是近年来新发现和发掘的中更新世古人类活动遗址之一。对遗址湖滨相沉积物易溶盐的测试和分析表明,此剖面代表的泥河湾古湖易溶盐为HCO3－-SO42－-Na＋型,pH值平均为8.93,偏碱性;剖面平均含盐量为0.67‰,属于半咸水湖,指示半干旱区湖泊演化由碳酸盐湖向硫化物湖过渡阶段。SO42－、Cl－、Na＋、Ca2＋和Mg2＋等5类离子的变化曲线与剖面沉积物易溶盐总含量变化大体一致。依据易溶盐主要离子比值和碳酸盐碳、氧稳定同位素含量,并结合沉积物特点将湖泊气候演化划分为4个阶段,记录了气候由相对冷湿→凉干→相对温暖湿润的变化过程,古人类在该遗址活动时期对应于湖泊演化的第2阶段早期,处在古湖水位降低且气候向干凉转变的湖滨环境。该项研究对探讨泥河湾古湖的演化以及蔚县盆地吉家庄遗址利用者的生存行为与气候关系具有重要意义。     

Lubbock Lake: Late Quaternary cultural and environmental change on the Southern High Plains,USA

Lubbock Lake (Southern High Plains of Texas) contains a cultural, faunal, and floral record within a virtually complete geological record spanning the past 11 100+ years. More than 88 archaeological occurrences have been excavated from five major stratigraphic units. The Paleoindian record (11 500–6500yr BP) begins with Clovis-age occupation (ca. 11 100yr BP) found within fluvial deposits (stratum 1). Subsequent Paleoindian occupations are found in lake and marsh sediments (stratum 2). Archaic occupations (8500-2000yr BP) are contained within aeolian and marsh deposits (strata 3 and 4). Ceramic occupations (2000-500yr BP) are found on a soil developed in stratum 4, in marsh sediments (strata 4 and 5), and in slopewash and aeolian sediments (stratum 5). The Protohistoric (500-300yr BP) and Historic (300-100yr BP) remains are in slopewash, aeolian, and marsh sediments (stratum 5) and associated soils. The Southern High Plains remained a grasslands throughout the last 11 500 years and neither man nor bison abandoned the region. The successive local faunas reflect changing ecosystems under pluvial to arid to more mesic to semiarid conditions. The occupation of Lubbock Lake through time appears to have been by small groups of people for both economic and short-term residential uses. These hunter-gatherer peoples underwent adaptive change brought about by climatic stress and alterations to food resources.     

新疆绿色电气石颜色成因研究

新疆绿色电气石颜色成因比较特殊,为了更好地了解其颜色的形成,主要采用化学分析、吸收光谱、穆斯堡尔谱等测试手段对绿色电气石颜色成因进行研究。化学分析结果显示每个样品中均含有少量不同过渡元素离子,如Fe2 、Ti4 、Cr3 等,影响着绿色的形成;利用吸收光谱测试方法确定了致色离子的吸收带位置及主要离子的种类、价态,并根据化学成分计算出相应的化学式,利用穆斯堡尔谱确定了铁离子在晶体中的占位。综合运用上述测试方法,确定了绿色电气石的颜色成因。