地质单位财务管理咨询刍议

地质单位对自身无力解决的重要财务管理问题应该寻求外部咨询机构的有效帮助，针对地质单位财务管理中存在的主要问题提出需要咨询课题，而咨询机构通过对地质单位的财务状况进行调查分析后，提出科学、合理有效的财务管理改善方案和指导实施方案。     

The global search and commercialization of alternatives and substitutes for ozone-depleting substances

The Montreal Protocol has halted 99% of global production of chemical substances that deplete stratospheric ozone, which protects life on earth from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UVB) radiation. UVB causes skin cancer and cataracts, suppresses the human immune system, destroys plastics, and damages agricultural crops and natural ecosystems. Because ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) are powerful greenhouse gases, the Montreal Protocol also protects climate. From the authors’ perspectives in multiple roles as environmental entrepreneurs, practitioners, and authorities, this paper explains how individuals, companies, and military organizations researched, developed, commercialized and implemented alternatives to ODSs that are also safer for climate. With the benefit of hindsight, the authors reflect on what was neglected or done badly under the Montreal Protocol and present lessons learned on how Montreal Protocol institutions can be renewed and revitalized to phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).     

《测绘法》适应性浅析

分析了新时期测绘发展面临的新形势,对《中华人民共和国测绘法》规定的有关概念内涵、管理体制、运行机制、准入制度等的适应性进行了探讨,对进一步修订《中华人民共和国测绘法》提出了建议。     

论中国半精养水库渔业及其饲料问题

中国水库放养鱼的种类、食性以及可利用的天然饵料生物决定了半精养渔业是水库渔业的主要模式。水库半精养有中、小型水库、水库库汊、网拦、网围、网箱养鱼等多种形式。其产量与肥料、饲料的投入有直接关系。最大限度地利用天然饵料,并辅以补充性人工饲料,可实现高产高效。本文以水库鱼类的营养和饲料利用为基础,论述半精养水库渔业的理论和实用技术,并提出尚须研究的问题,以推进半精养水库渔业的发展。     

不同权重条件下降雨对边坡稳定性影响的二级模糊综合评判

边坡稳定性影响因素众多,其中一部分具有明显的不确定性,用经典数学理论及力学模型很难描述。采用二级模糊综合评判法,对影响边坡稳定的离散型和连续型因素采用不同方法确定隶属度,并利用二元对比分析法给出各因素权重值;同时考虑降雨对边坡稳定的重要影响,对降雨后各影响因素的权重进行修正,建立边坡稳定的二级模糊综合评判计算模型,评价降雨前后边坡稳定性的变化。研究结果表明：模型所采用的隶属函数,充分考虑了各个因素的不同特点和分布规律;考虑降雨前后权重的变化,能使评判结果更趋合理。以实际工程为例,模糊综合评判结果显示：降雨前边坡处于基本稳定状态,降雨后处于欠稳定状态,与经典极限平衡法计算结果一致。     

保水剂与活性炭改良白云岩石漠化坡地土壤促进植物生长的盆栽试验研究

文章分析了白云岩坡地岩土组构特点,针对白云岩坡地土壤易漏水、漏肥的原因,提出利用保水剂的保水功能和活性炭的吸附与缓释功能对白云岩坡地土壤进行改良的思路和方法,并开展相关盆栽试验,研究保水剂保水、活性炭保肥对促进植物生长的作用,取得了良好效果。研究结果表明:（1）减少水分渗漏,利用保水剂的吸水性,是促进白云岩坡地植被生物量提高的重要措施。加入保水剂含量比例为0.5%时,总生物量比不加保水剂处理增加51.2%。加入保水剂含量比例为1%时,总生物量比不加保水剂处理增加111.2%;（2）同等添加0.5%保水剂情况下,随着活性炭加入比例的提高,生物量增长显著。加入3%的活性炭处理相比未加入活性炭处理,总生物量提高31.2%;加入5%的活性炭处理相比未加入活性炭处理总生物量提高78.6%。初步论证了利用活性炭的吸附与缓释功能改良白云岩糖砂层土壤,缓解养分渗漏的可行性。（3）白云岩土壤改良前后,植被生长差异显著。加入0.5%保水剂和5%的活性炭的处理比无添加的对比实验,总生物量提高101.2%,其中地上部分与地下部分分别增长90.9%和205.8%。此研究为白云岩石漠化坡地提高土地生产力, 缓解人地矛盾, 促进白云岩石漠化坡地植被恢复及土地的开发利用探索了新途径,是一种待之有效的土壤改良方法。      

Soil moisture and rainfall intensity thresholds for runoff generation in southwestern Wisconsin agricultural watersheds

The goal of this study was to improve understanding of the factors that influence runoff generation during non‐frozen ground periods in small agricultural watersheds in southwestern Wisconsin where the landscapes are controlled by dolostone bedrock in order to provide agricultural producers with a manure management tool. Six small watersheds (ranging from 6 to 17 ha) within two southwestern Wisconsin farm sites (Discovery Farms Program (DFP) and Pioneer Farm (PF)) were instrumented, and surface runoff was continuously monitored from 2004 to 2007. The soils in all watersheds were formed in deep (~1 m) loessial sites. A direct‐plant management strategy and corn‐soybean crop rotation were utilized within watersheds at DFP. A conventional tillage system (chisel plow in the fall followed by soil finisher in the spring) and a corn‐oat‐alfalfa crop rotation were utilized within watersheds at PF. At PF, the amount of precipitation leaving the landscape as surface runoff (1.8%) was two times greater compared to DFP (0.9%), indicating that the direct‐plant management system was better at retaining precipitation than the chisel plow/soil finisher system. Using breakpoint regression analysis, a non‐linear response in runoff generation with antecedent soil moisture (ASM) was observed with a threshold ASM of 0.39 cm³cm^?3 (approximately 80% of total porosity) for all six watersheds. Below this threshold, runoff coefficients were near zero. Above this threshold, runoff coefficients increased with ASM. A non‐linear response in runoff generation with maximum 30 min rainfall intensity (I30) was also observed, and threshold I30 values increased as ASM decreased and as crop cover increased. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

针铁矿和菱苦土强化养殖粪污厌氧发酵液中氮、磷固定的研究

对比研究了养殖粪污厌氧发酵体系中添加针铁矿和/或菱苦土对N、P固定的作用。实验过程中对溶液pH进行监控,厌氧发酵44 d后,对发酵液中氨氮和磷浓度进行了分析,对固体产物进行了XRD和SEM分析。结果表明：单独或同时添加针铁矿、菱苦土的厌氧发酵罐中,发酵液中N、P浓度均降低,其中N浓度降幅小于P,添加菱苦土厌氧发酵罐中P浓度降幅较大,达90%以上。单独添加针铁矿的厌氧发酵罐中,针铁矿发生还原分解,转化为铁白云石;添加菱苦土的厌氧发酵罐中,形成了大量鸟粪石。研究认为在养殖粪污厌氧发酵体系中,由于碱金属离子的影响,针铁矿和菱苦土对N的固定作用不明显;针铁矿对P的固定效果一般,菱苦土对P固定效果显著,固P产物鸟粪石可作为优质缓释肥使用。     

Study of Metal Distribution in Raw and Screened Swine Manure

The growth of industrial swine production over the last few years has led to a growth in concern over effluents generated by the activity. Several elements, mainly toxic metals, can be present in swine wastewater and can have a serious environmental impact. It is important, therefore, to know the metal concentration before the discharge of wastewater. In this work the temporal metal distribution in swine manure and its potential reduction using coarse (2 mm) and fine (<0.45 μm) liquid‐solid separation techniques were investigated. In order to do this, different swine manure sample preparation methods for Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) were tested. The acid mixtures used to digest the manure sample significantly affected the metal recovery. Good analyte recoveries were observed with nitric acid/hydrogen peroxide mixtures or nitric acid/perchloric acid mixtures. Sulfuric acid/hydrogen peroxide mixtures produced inconsistent results and poor recoveries, mainly for Ba and Pb. It was observed that metal concentrations in swine manure varied greatly with time, up to one order of magnitude, due to changes in swine production such as feed and animal numbers. Metals concentrations observed in the raw wastewater exceeded Brazilian limits for discharge into water bodies and recommendations for agricultural use. Results obtained from the liquid‐solid separation study showed that metals in the raw swine manure were not removed with coarse screening. However, the major fraction of metals were removed by filtration (0.45 μm), with the exception of Na, K and Sr. Thus, the use of liquid‐solid separation techniques that capture the fine solid fractions (and associated metals) from raw manure can have a favorable impact on the environment and contribute to swine production wastewater treatment.     

汀江流域畜禽粪便污染负荷及其环境影响

从汀江流域畜禽养殖业现状分析入手,依据排泄系数法原理,估算流域各县市的作物所需畜禽粪尿肥的最大量、畜禽污染物产生量和农田畜禽粪便负荷量,并对畜禽养殖影响水环境进行分析.从调查中分析中可知,流域集约化养殖场大多分布于中上游的长汀河、旧县河和汀江干流段,地理分布过于集中,局部地区环境风险较大.结果表明,畜禽粪便环境承载量较大的河流依次为:长汀河、濯田河、旧县河、黄潭河、汀江干流、永定河、桃溪河,整个流域的畜禽污染已对环境产生风险,尤其是长汀河、旧县河流域尤为突出.