凹凸棒石与Zn^2＋的长期作用研究

以凹凸棒石与Zn2＋为例研究粘土矿物与重金属离子长期作用过程,并运用高分辨透射电镜和X射线衍射分析粘土矿物与重金属离子长期作用的次生物相。结果表明：Zn2＋与凹凸棒石的长期作用是一个二阶段的过程,初始阶段为快速吸附作用,其后表现为慢速沉淀反应。高分辨透射电镜和X射线衍射分析表明,凹凸棒石与Zn2＋的长期作用过程中,具有纳米矿物特性的凹凸棒石表面快速水化,提高了悬浮液的pH值,诱导Zn2＋水解沉淀。而后,凹凸棒石缓慢溶解释放Al3＋和SiO44-与Zn（OH）2沉淀反应,形成Zn-A1双氢氧化物和异极矿。这一结果对认识土壤环境中重金属与粘土矿物的作用及重金属的归宿具有重要意义。     

沉积物供给影响下厦门岛东南部海滩响应差异性研究

以厦门岛东南部海滩为例,基于10条剖面连续6年野外实测地形数据,利用经验正交函数分析方法（EOF）提取海滩变化的主要模态,分析海滩中长期蚀淤变化特征及其控制因素。EOF提取方差总占比超过90%的前三种模态反映研究区海滩时空演变特征：沙源条件对海滩蚀淤过程起主导作用为第一模态,受上游沙源条件及沿岸输沙方向影响,海滩剖面在纵向上存在差异性,研究区北侧剖面持续淤积,南侧剖面则呈现侵蚀状态;第二模态为波浪季节性变化导致海滩滩肩在冬季变窄和夏季变宽之间旋回;人类活动影响滩面形态变化为第三模态,人类活动对岸滩形态及其变化产生一定影响,其中人工构筑物对研究区海滩影响较大。从多年海滩变化来看,沙源条件控制海滩响应差异性,沉积物供给充足的海滩形态变化幅度及系统可调节范围比沉积物匮乏海滩大,泥沙供给贫乏的海滩地形变化幅度虽小,其系统缓冲能力及自适应能力却弱。     

华南纳庆剖面早二叠世沉积记录对米兰科维奇旋回的响应

早二叠世晚期发生了显生宙以来规模最大的冰川消退事件, 地球气候经历了由冰室向温室的转变。然而, 低纬度地区对此次气候变化的响应细节仍存较多疑问。华南板块在早二叠世位于古特提斯洋中, 发育连续的海相碳酸盐岩沉积序列对气候变化响应敏感。本研究利用高分辨率Fe元素含量作为古气候替代指标, 对贵州省罗甸县纳庆剖面392.3 m至487.9 m的下二叠统亚丁斯克阶-空谷阶四大寨组进行旋回地层学研究。频谱分析显示研究段具有显著的7.46~10.46 m、2.01~3.15 m、0.46~0.68 m、0.27~0.39 m谱峰, 其比例约为26.7:7.8:1.7:1, 与利用La2004模型推算的早二叠世天文轨道周期比例(23.9:7.4:1.9:1)基本一致。利用405 ka偏心率校准的Fe元素序列存在405 ka、117 ka、90 ka、30.1~35.8 ka、15.6~22.9 ka周期信号, 表明沉积记录受到米兰科维奇旋回控制。估算出研究段的平均沉积速率为2.15 cm/ka, 构建了288.1 Ma至282.9 Ma, 持续时间约为5.16 Ma的高分辨率天文年代标尺。研究证实周期约为1.36 Ma的超长斜率旋回控制了海平面的升降, 但其控制机制在冰室和温室两种气候状态下并不相同。超长斜率旋回在冰室状态下通过控制高纬度冰川消长影响海平面变化; 在温室状态下, 斜率旋回或通过影响大陆含水层控制海平面升降。

     

GPS接收机仪器偏差的长期变化特性分析

基于欧洲定轨中心2001-2009年发布的部分IGS测站接收机仪器偏差估值,分析了不同类型接收机DCB的长期变化特性.结果表明:各类接收机DCB的长期时变特征均具备一定的周期性,其中以月和年周期最为明显;接收机DCB的长期变化中还存在一定的波动,部分接收机DCB的稳定性随时间积累逐渐变差,甚至存在偏移.     

Labile organic matter content and distribution as affected by six-year soil amendments to eroded Chinese mollisols

Labile organic carbon （LOC） is a fraction of soil organic carbon （SOC） with rapid turnover time and is affected by soil fertilization. This investigation characterized the SOC content, LOC content and LOC distribution in the treatment plots of surface soil erosion at five levels （0-, 5-, 10-, 20- and 30-cm erosion）. The soil had received contrasting fertilizer treatments （i.e., chemical fertilizer or chemical fertilizer ＋ manure） for 6 years. This study demonstrated that both SOC and various LOC fractions contents were higher in the plots with fertilizer ＋ manure than in those with fertilizer alone under the same erosion conditions. The SOC and LOC contents de- creased as the erosion depth increased. Light fraction organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, easily oxidizable organic carbon （KMnO4-oxydizable organic carbon）, and microbial biomass carbon were 27% 57%, 37%-7%, 20%-25%, and 29%-33% higher respectively in the fertilizer ＋ manure plots, than in the fertilizer alone plots. Positive correlations （p 〈 0.05） between SOC content and different fractions contents were observed in all plots except the correlation between total SOC content and water-soluble organic carbon content in the different fertilization treatments. Obviously, fertilizer ＋ manure treatments would be conducive to the accumulation of LOC and SOC in the Black soil of Northeast China.     

十到百年尺度动力形态模型在珠江磨刀门河口的应用

在人类活动的参与下磨刀门河口演变已不再是纯粹的自然过程,而是自然和人类活动共同塑造的过程。建立了一个以过程模拟为主的10~100 a尺度的长周期动力形态模型(PRD-LTMM-10)用于模拟磨刀门河口在人类活动作用下的演变过程。 该模型建立在水体运动方程和沉积物输运方程的基础上,应用约简技术对模型输入和计算进行处理,并包含了用于评价和量化人类活动的抛石促淤模块和航道疏浚模块。应用该模型较真实地模拟了磨刀门河口在1977-1988 年的动力地形演变过程,并且通过模拟结果和情景分析,合理地分离了人类各种工程活动的长期影响和自然因素在河口演变中的作用。研究表明,治理工程对河口自然发展趋势造成了较大的改造,淤积强度表现为西侧大于东侧。抛石和围垦工程使横洲水道主槽逐年冲刷,深槽外移,而龙屎窟深槽上端则表现为严重淤积,深槽不断缩窄。     

中更新世以来西菲律宾海上层水体结构演化特征——来自钙质超微化石Florisphaeraprofunda的证据

MD06-3050岩芯位于西菲律宾海吕宋岛以东本哈姆高原,利用钙质超微化石下透光带种属Florisphaera profunda占总颗石的相对丰度,恢复了中更新世以来该海区的上层水体结构演化特征。结果显示,西菲律宾海区自1040ka以来,温跃层/营养跃层经历了由浅—深—浅—深的长周期变动,可能是由于全球碳库的长周期变化对气候系统的大规模调整所致; 同时温跃层/营养跃层也具有明显的冰期-间冰期旋回性特征。温跃层变动的另一个重要特征是在中布容事件前后呈现出相反的冰期-间冰期变化趋势,认为可能是由东亚冬、夏季风强度变化引起。     

长效钾肥产业化与农业可持续发展

我国钾肥需求量逐年增加，80％需要进口，但同时又有大量的低品位非水溶性钾矿资源没有利用，利用非水溶性钾矿生产长效钾肥既能缓解钾肥短缺的矛盾，又可以解决普通钾肥对环境的污染和破坏。长效钾肥原料分布广，生产和施用技术简单，成本低，易于推广普及形成产业化，其对农业可持续发展将会产生重要的促进作用。     

A longer-term perspective on soil moisture,groundwater and stream flow response to the 2018 drought in an experimental catchment in the Scottish Highlands

The drought of summer 2018, which affected much of Northern Europe, resulted in low river flows, biodiversity loss and threats to water supplies. In some regions, like the Scottish Highlands, the summer drought followed two consecutive, anomalously dry, winter periods. Here, we examine how the drought, and its antecedent conditions, affected soil moisture, groundwater storage, and low flows in the Bruntland Burn; a sub-catchment of the Girnock Burn long-term observatory in the Scottish Cairngorm Mountains. Fifty years of rainfall-runoff observations and long-term modelling studies in the Girnock provided unique contextualisation of this extreme event in relation to more usual summer storage dynamics. Whilst summer precipitation in 2018 was only 63% of the long-term mean, soil moisture storage across much of the catchment were less than half of their summer average and seasonal groundwater levels were 0.5 m lower than normal. Hydrometric and isotopic observations showed that ~100 mm of river flows during the summer (May-Sept) were sustained almost entirely by groundwater drainage, representing ~30% of evapotranspiration that occurred over the same period. A key reason that the summer drought was so severe was because the preceding two winters were also dry and failed to adequately replenish catchment soil moisture and groundwater stores. As a result, the drought had the biggest catchment storage deficits for over a decade, and likely since 1975–1976. Despite this, recovery was rapid in autumn/winter 2018, with soil and groundwater stores returning to normal winter values, along with stream flows. The study emphasizes how long-term data from experimental sites are key to understanding the non-linear flux-storage interactions in catchments and the “memory effects” that govern the evolution of, and recovery from, droughts. This is invaluable both in terms of (a) giving insights into hydrological behaviours that will become more common water resource management problems in the future under climate change and (b) providing extreme data to challenge hydrological models.