REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Geographic Software Reviewed in this article: LIFE TABLES and the LESLIE MATRIX. CONDUIT MENTMAP2 . Lawrence W. Carstensen Jr . PC-MATLAB , Version 1.0. The Math Works, Inc. QUICKMAP , version 1.0. Sammamish Data Systems, Inc. SYSTAT: THE SYSTEM FOR STATISTICS , Version 2.1, Systat Inc. USA DISPLAY . Instant Tecall     

基于和差直方图的岩屑纹理分析与分类识别

随着PDC钻头的推广使用,传统的岩屑录井方法已难以分析如此细小的岩屑。基于数字图像处理技术对岩屑分类识别技术进行研究,首先利用和差直方图统计方法对岩屑进行纹理特征分析和提取,接着运用贝叶斯分类器进行分类识别,实验结果表明,此统计特征提取方法对于大部分岩屑可以很好地获取其主要特征,并最终取得理想的识别结果。此技术的发展将提高现场录井人员的工作效率和识别准确率。     

Metocean Comparisons of Jason-2 and AltiKa—A Method to Develop a New Wind Speed Algorithm

As well as range, the AltiKa altimeter provides estimates of wave height, H_s and normalized backscatter, σ⁰, that need to be assessed prior to statistics based on them being included in climate databases. An analysis of crossovers with the Jason-2 altimeter shows AltiKa H_s values to be biased high by only ?0.05m, with a standard deviation (s.d.) of ?0.1m for seven-point averages. AltiKa's σ⁰ values are 2.5–3 dB less than those from Jason-2, with a s.d. of ?0.3 dB, with these relatively large mismatches to be expected as AltiKa measures a different part of the spectrum of sea surface roughness. A new wind speed algorithm is developed through matching a histogram of σ⁰ values to that for Jason-2 wind speeds. The algorithm is robust to the use of short durations of data, with a consistency at roughly the 0.1 m/s level. Incorporation of H_s as a secondary input reduces the assessed error at crossovers from 0.82 m/s to 0.71 m/s. A comparison across all altimeter frequencies used to date demonstrates that the lowest wind speeds preferentially develop the shortest scales of roughness.     

THE GEOGRAPHY OF MASTODON EXTINCTION

Geographic Software Reviewed in this article:

LIFE TABLES and the LESLIE MATRIX. CONDUIT

MENTMAP2. Lawrence W. Carstensen Jr.

PC-MATLAB, Version 1.0. The Math Works, Inc.

QUICKMAP, version 1.0. Sammamish Data Systems, Inc.

SYSTAT: THE SYSTEM FOR STATISTICS, Version 2.1, Systat Inc.

USA DISPLAY. Instant Tecall     

Determination of optimal numbers of class intervals using maximum entropy

Based on the maximum entropy concept, optimal numbers of class intervals(K) for a closed array of samples has been determined. From the analysis, two values ofK (8 and 19) are selected as the most appropriate. ForK=8, the probability of occurrence on each unequal-size interval isp _i=0.125, whereasK=19 results inp _i=0.0526. An objective method for determining interval limits, modified from a previous method by Full et al. (1984), is also included.Contribution 114, Instituto Argentino de Oceanografia.     

Fundamental Structures for the Design of Machine Vision Systems

The chicken-and-egg problem of machine vision is that (a) abstracting objects requires images to be segmented, (b) segmentation requires greyscale statistics, (c) greyscale statistics are defined by segmented regions, and this leads back to (a). New image structures called gradient runs and gradient polygons are presented. These lead to new types of three-dimensional histograms.The histogram of a whole image mixes histograms from different regions within the image. These regions and their histrograms may need separating. Global histrograms can be used for preliminary segmentations. These then generate new historagms of the statistics for more coherent locally structured regions. These ideas have used to binarise documents for automated document reading systems, and they may be developed in the desingn of machine vision systems for other areas of application.     

地下空间GIS二次开发中的数字制图方法研究

地下空间的信息化实现与综合开发利用是21世纪城市建设的主题,也是重大工程建设的基础问题。结合东深供水改造工程地下环境信息系统开发,着重研究了自动化数值制图模块的功能设计、数据搜寻方法、柱状图自动绘制方法、任意剖面图的绘制方法等数字制图方法。在数据搜寻方法中主要强调了数据组织形式和多库协同搜寻方法;在柱状图绘制中发展了固定表格绘制、动态数据填充两种方法;而在任意剖面图的绘制中主要探讨了橡皮筋式剖面线实现方法和剖面数据计算等方法。最后,在东深供水改造工程中进行了应用,结果表明：这些方法具有自动化程度高、高效、准确等优势,并具有较好的纠错性能,对于面向工程实际问题而开发的数字制图功能的设计与实现,具有十分重要的现实意义。     

基于边缘梯度投影图的航空影像初始视差确定

通过对航空立体像对及其边缘影像的分析,提出了一种新的航空影像初始视差的确定方法。试验表明,该算法能准确地确定纹理单一、影像对比度小的航空立体影像对的初始视差,可明显提高影像匹配的精度和可靠性。