Seasonal connections between meteoric water and streamflow generation along a mountain headwater stream

In snowmelt-driven mountain watersheds, the hydrologic connectivity between meteoric waters and stream flow generation varies strongly with the season, reflecting variable connection to soil and groundwater storage within the watershed. This variable connectivity regulates how streamflow generation mechanisms transform the seasonal and elevational variation in oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition (δ¹⁸O and δD) of meteoric precipitation. Thus, water isotopes in stream flow can signal immediate connectivity or more prolonged mixing, especially in high-relief mountainous catchments. We characterized δ¹⁸O and δD values in stream water along an elevational gradient in a mountain headwater catchment in southwestern Montana. Stream water isotopic compositions related most strongly to elevation between February and March, exhibiting higher δ¹⁸O and δD values with decreasing elevation. These elevational isotopic lapse rates likely reflect increased connection between stream flow and proximal snow-derived water sources heavily subject to elevational isotopic effects. These patterns disappeared during summer sampling, when consistently lower δ¹⁸O and δD values of stream water reflected contributions from snowmelt or colder rainfall, despite much higher δ¹⁸O and δD values expected in warmer seasonal rainfall. The consistently low isotopic values and absence of a trend with elevation during summer suggest lower connectivity between summer precipitation and stream flow generation as a consequence of drier soils and greater transpiration. As further evidence of intermittent seasonal connectivity between the stream and adjacent groundwaters, we observed a late-winter flush of nitrate into the stream at higher elevations, consistent with increased connection to accumulating mineralized nitrogen in riparian wetlands. This pattern was distinct from mid-summer patterns of nitrate loading at lower elevations that suggested heightened human recreational activity along the stream corridor. These observations provide insights linking stream flow generation and seasonal water storage in high elevation mountainous watersheds. Greater understanding of the connections between surface water, soil water and groundwater in these environments will help predict how the quality and quantity of mountain runoff will respond to changing climate and allow better informed water management decisions.     

试论企业组织结构--电子商务企业与传统企业的比较

网络时代的到来，对传统企业的组织结构、运作模式、管理方法均提出了严峻的挑战。传统的企业组织结构是适应大工业生产而形成的等级组织结构形式，它有很大的局限性；电子商务企业的组织结构是适应网络社会而形成扁平化、双向多对多、以信息为基础的新型组织结构形式。电子商务企业以其组织结构扁平化和中空化，决策分散化，运作虚拟化，灵活高效为特点，它将成为传统企业在电子商务发展阶段变革的方向和目标。     

Marine Ingressive Events Recorded in Epicontinental Sequences:Example from the Cretaceous Songliao Basin of NE China in Comparison with the Triassic Central Europe Basin of SW Germany

Songliao Basin is filled predominantly with continental facies sediments including alluvial fan, fluvial plain, fan delta , lacustrine delta, shore ?shallow lacustrine, beach salty flat, semi - deep to deep lacustrine, subaqueous gravity flow, lacustrine swamp and pyroclastic sediments. However, some event units were formed during lake - marine linking periods of the Mid - Cretaceous in the basin, which include black shales with high values for salinity ( Sr/Ba) , alkalinity (Ca Mg)/ (Si Al) , reducibility ( Ni Zn)/Ga and sulfide sulfur as well as heavy isotopes. The Breitenholz ?section to be represen-ted for facies comparison with the Cretaceous evaporitic series in Northeast China is localized in Southwest Germany. Stratig-raphically it belongs to the Crabfeld Formation of Keuper of the Germanic Triassic corresponding to Ladinian - Camian of the international reference scale, and is generally called Lower Gipskeuper. The Germanic Triassic was deposited in the epiconti-nental(cratonic) central Euro     

氢化物发生及其在分析检测领域的应用

论述了氢化物发生的条件和普遍性及其在分析检测领域的应用,这些领域包括试样分解,分离富集,容量分析、比色分析、原子荧光光谱、原子吸收光谱、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱、电感耦合等离子体质谱等分析测试技术。     

微型氢化物发生装置在冷原子吸收分光光度法测汞中的应用

采用微型氢化物发生装置-冷原子吸收分光光度法测定了焊锡料及纽扣电池中的汞。在酸性介质中,用硼氢化钾将汞离子还原为汞原子,用载气将汞蒸气导入石英管,原子吸收分光光度计在波长253.7 nm处进行测定。选择了实验条件,对共存离子的干扰等进行了考察。方法的检出限为0.34 ng/mL,11次测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于6%,加标回收率为94.4%~104.7%。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法直接测定地球化学样品中痕量碲

采用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸溶解样品,以Fe3+作减缓剂,不需分离富集,用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法直接测定地球化学样品中痕量碲。对测定介质、KBH4浓度、铁盐的作用等条件进行试验。方法检出限为0.0031μg/g,精密度(RSD,n=11)<6.10%。方法用于国家一级地球化学标准物质中痕量碲的测定,结果与标准值一致。     

无机盐类对天然矿物低温催化混合酯生烃反应的影响

脂肪酸酯是一类重要的生烃母质。选择了十四烷酸甲酯、十六烷酸甲酯和十八烷酸甲酯的混合酯为模型反应物,以方解石、白云石、伊利石、钙蒙脱石和黄铁矿为催化剂,分别考察了氯化钾、氯化镁、氯化钠、硫酸钠以及混合盐对天然矿物低温催化混合酯生烃反应的影响。结果表明,无机盐类对矿物催化下混合酯的生烃反应均有不同程度的影响,硫酸钠具有反催化作用,其它盐类具有正催化作用。且在各无机盐存在下,不同的矿物表现出不同的催化活性。     

含铀物质对有机质生烃的实验研究

采用密闭容器水热模拟实验方法,考察含铀物质对有机质热解生烃过程的影响。对热模拟实验产物分析发现,在暗色泥岩和煤岩样品中加入含铀物质后,气态烃和液态烃的生烃量都有比较明显的增加。其中煤岩的气态烃产量平均增加值为34%,而泥岩样品平均增加值也达到了30%以上。液态烃产率分析表明,含铀矿物也促进了泥岩和煤岩的液态烃产率。从泥岩氯仿沥青‘A’族组成分析表明,加入催化剂后泥岩的饱和烃和芳烃在高温阶段具有规律性的明显增大的趋势,反映出非烃和沥青质,甚至不溶有机质向相对稳定的饱和烃转化以及芳烃随演化程度增加的高聚合作用。综合以上分析,认为放射性铀对油气生成具有氧化催化作用。     

海浪的条件特征周期

在海浪波面高度为正态分布的假定下,导出一种以给定波高为条件的条件周期概率密度函数.与风浪槽中测量数据比较,结果表明,在窄谱情况下此概率密度函数与实验室风浪的实际符合良好.根据此密度函数定义了3种条件特征周期,并导出它们与平均周期的关系式.根据这些关系对有关海洋工程上的一些问题作了解释和讨论.     

Internal generation of waves: Delta source function method and source term addition method

In this study, we investigate two internal wave generation methods in numerical modeling of time-dependent equations for water wave propagation, i.e., delta source function method and source term addition method, the latter of which has been called the line source method in literatures. We derive delta source functions for the Boussinesq-type equations and extended mild-slope equations. By applying the fractional step splitting method, we show that the delta source function method is equivalent to the source term addition method employing the energy velocity. This suggests that the energy velocity should be used rather than the phase velocity for the transport of incident wave energy in the source term addition method. Finally, the performance of the delta source function method is verified by accurately generating nonlinear cnoidal waves as well as linear waves for horizontally one-dimensional cases.