利用地形正规化校正反立体现象

影像目视判读常会遇到山脊与沟谷的凹凸感与现实相反的反立体现象。消除反立体现象,能有效提高非专业人员对遥感影像的正确使用。立足于反立体现象的成因,本文采用地形正规化模型来校正影像的反立体现象,推导出Lambertian、Cosine-Civco、c校正、b校正这4种地形正规化模型的反立体校正式;对这4种地形正规化模型的反立体校正效果进行了对比,并且与其他5种校正法也进行了对比。通过3个实验区的校正发现,这4种地形正规化模型均能校正反立体现象,但校正影像存在色调偏差;Lambertian、Cosine-Civco的反立体校正影像立体感较强,但影像色调改变较大,视觉效果偏差;c校正、b校正的校正影像在视觉效果和定量指标上都比较接近,基本保持地物光谱信息,校正效果相对较好。从定量指标来看,b校正的反立体校正影像的各指标值整体最小,一定程度代表b校正能取得相对较好的反立体校正效果。与其他方法的对比表明,c校正和b校正的反立体校正不局限于波段个数,在有效消除反立体现象的同时,能相对较好的保留地物光谱信息,有利于影像的定量应用。     

基于小波变换的周跳探测与修复

探测和修复周跳一直是GPS定位中的关键问题。利用小波变换对相位减伪距观测量进行周跳探测。首先介绍小波变换周跳探测的一般方法,然后在此基础上提出改进。改进方法可以对周跳进行探测和直接修复,进而探测和修复多次周跳,同时有效地克服一般方法可能出现探测失误的缺点。这种改进方法的效果在实验中得到验证。     

基于边缘分析的海面溢油检测

提出一种基于边缘检测的快速溢油信息提取方法, 首先对溢油图像进行ROA(radio of average)边缘检测, 根据检测结果进行AOI(area of interest)提取, 然后使用改进的Weibull-CFAR检测算法对AOI进行溢油检测, 并与全局CFAR检测结果进行对比。实验结果证明, 所提出的方法对于非均匀灰度SAR图像溢油检测准确性较好、效率较高, 特别适用于大图像的快速溢油检测。     

云南地区地震短临预报实践

１９９７年４－６月云南省地震局对滇西南重点监视区做了短临预报,但这期间未发生所预期的地震。而滇西南地区６级地震的背景和省内的前兆异常变化是明显的。为此,认为前兆异常是区域应力场增强的结果。异常与地震是相互伴生的兄弟关系,不是父子间因果关系,是造成地震虚报的主要原因。     

Semisupervised heterogeneous ensemble for ship target discrimination in synthetic aperture radar images

Ship detection using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) plays an important role in marine applications. The existing methods are capable of quickly obtaining many candidate targets, but numerous non-ship objects may be wrongly detected in complex backgrounds. These non-ship false alarms can be excluded by training discriminators, and the desired accuracy is obtained with enough verified samples. However, the reliable verification of targets in large-scene SAR images still inevitably requires manual interpretation, which is difficult and time consuming. To address this issue, a semisupervised heterogeneous ensemble ship target discrimination method based on a tri-training scheme is proposed to take advantage of the plentiful candidate targets. Specifically, various features commonly used in SAR image target discrimination are extracted, and several acknowledged classification models and their classic variants are investigated. Multiple discriminators are constructed by dividing these features into different groups and pairing them with each model. Then, the performance of all the discriminators is tested, and better discriminators are selected for implementing the semisupervised training process. These strategies enhance the diversity and reliability of the discriminators, and their heterogeneous ensemble makes more correct judgments on candidate targets, which facilitates further positive training. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms traditional tri-training.     

石家庄盛夏一次暴雨空报诊断分析

实时天气系统的时空分布、多个物理量要素都表明2007年7月18日河北省石家庄市东、南和北部将有暴雨天气发生的可能,结果暴雨并没有发生.为了找到暴雨空报的原因,对常规资料和各种数值预报产品进行诊断分析.结果表明:(1)石家庄地区处于2条切变线的中间区域,导致缺少强降水的垂直条件(中、低层的切变线),这是暴雨空报的最主要原因;(2)利用离石家庄最近的邢台探空站的物理量特征来判断石家庄对流发展程度效果较差,这和探空站空间尺度较大有关,这是空报原因之二;(3)缺少有效的数值预报产品是预报失误原因之三:(4)这次邢台、邯郸的暴雨天气系统可定为西南涡类暴雨.利用卫星水汽云图和雷达、国家级自动站要素资料相结合可以大大提高灾害性天气预警能力.     

一种适用于极区的横轴墨卡托海图

极区位于高纬度地区,极区航海图投影采用墨卡托投影时,图上极区附近变形较大,在极点处变形达到无穷大;采用极球面投影时,图上恒向线不是直线;心射切面投影不是正形投影,不能直接在图上量取方位和距离;兰伯特正形投影图上,经度是由角度表示,而不是真的经度;采用横轴墨卡托投影时,几乎所有的经线以及纬线在图上为曲线。以上常用的海图投影不利于船舶在极区安全航行,也不利于航海人员进行海图作业。针对此问题,将构建的伪经纬线网与经纬线网进行转换,通过Matlab得到基于伪经纬线网的横轴墨卡托投影图,此图具有类似于墨卡托海图的特点,图上极区变形失真小,图上伪经纬线的特点可方便极区海图作业。     

伪近邻方法在ARMA系统阶数判别中的应用

从相空间重构的角度,提出利用伪近邻方法判别ＡＲＭＡ 系统的总阶数。该方法可在数据量较小和阈值固定的情况下判别ＡＲＭＡ 系统总阶数。数值计算表明,使用该方法判别线性ＡＲＭＡ系统总阶数,取得了比较满意的结果。     

一种基于面积对称模型的土地利用/覆被真伪变化图斑检测方法

不同时相土地利用/覆被数据间的空间配准误差,是产生土地利用/覆被伪变化图斑的一个主要原因。本文从土地利用/覆被原始图斑与其相邻的变化图斑间的空间关系角度,提出了由同一原始图斑产生的土地利用/覆被伪变化图斑的面积对称理论,设计和实现了针对因空间配准误差而导致的土地利用/覆被伪变化图斑自动化检测模型,并以内蒙古自治区通辽市奈曼旗1980年和2000年两期土地利用/覆被图对该模型进行了实验模拟。结果表明：当两期数据的空间配准误差不超过原始影像1个像元时,总体检测精度达到90%以上;误差不超过5个像元时,总体检测精度达到80%以上;误差不超过原始影像10个像元时,总体检测精度达到70％以上。同时,由于运行时唯一需设定的面积对称系数阈值可设为0.2-0.4（默认设为0.3）,该检测模型可适用于由空间配准误差引起的伪变化图斑的自动检查,可满足由于空间配准误差所引起土地利用/覆被伪变化图斑剔除的需求。     

Morphology and affiliation of the centric diatom Anaulus birostratus (Grunow) Grunow from South Africa

The morphology of a rectangular, pillow-shaped, centric diatom from the surf zone in False Bay and Algoa Bay was studied with the light microscope and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Acid-cleaned (i.e. free of organic material), and critical-point- and freeze-dried material was used. Certain important features were seen. There was a large variation in cell size and shape. Threads connecting the cells in chains, an external organic layer covering the cell, and chromatophore colour, number and shape are reported for the species, probably for the first time. Valve, girdle and areolar structure was studied in detail, and the notch seen with the light microscope in the middle part of the valve was identified with the electron microscope as a labiate process, the off-centre position of this process being distinctive of the species. The geographical distribution of the species, as described in available literature, is discussed.